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Health & Personal Services · course plan

⚠ Pending professional review

This course plan, its lessons and its assessments has not yet been verified by a licensed clinician in the field or by a certification or approval body. It is a study draft and may contain errors. Do not use it to make decisions about any patient or medication. Always follow your instructor, your supervising professional, and current official references and regulations.

VoTechWorks program approval and accreditation are still in progress. Credentials are issued only by the certifying bodies named in each program, after their own exams.

Limited X-Ray / Radiologic Technology

11 courses · 3,600 clock hours · 9–24 mo full-time. Grading is competency-based: each course requires the written exam, a competent skills demonstration with zero safety faults, a signed log, and a passed safety audit; percentage weights only rank performance above the competency floor.

~~$50,935~~ COMPLIMENTARYprogram tuition

11courses

103lessons

3,600hours

39assessments

Development progressPlanCourses, lessons and assessments written for this tradeLessons103 of 103 lesson pages writtenPractice822 practice questionsResources109 reference entries (study list)Review0 lesson pages reviewed by a licensed professional

Study now: 103 lesson pages are open (lesson titles below are links).

HLT-RADI64-01 Universal core

Universal Core: Safety, Math, Communication & Career for Radiologic Technology

148 hr · ~~$1,185~~ COMPLIMENTARY

This foundational course equips adult learners entering the Limited X-Ray / Radiologic Technology program with the safety credentials, quantitative skills, technical literacy, digital tool proficiency, and career readiness behaviors required throughout every subsequent course and in the clinical setting. Lessons are anchored to real radiologic technology contexts — radiation unit conversions, patient record documentation, OSHA hazard recognition in imaging suites, and professional conduct expected by the ARRT and state licensing boards. Successful completion prepares students to engage safely and professionally in all trade-specific coursework that follows.

Outcomes

Demonstrate OSHA 10-level hazard recognition and control in a simulated imaging suite, correctly identifying and responding to at least four distinct hazard categories.
Perform trade-relevant math calculations — including unit conversions for radiation exposure, decimal and percentage computations for technique charts, and basic dosimetry arithmetic — with at least 80% accuracy on a timed assessment.
Read and accurately interpret radiologic technology equipment manuals, safety data sheets, regulatory bulletins, and ARRT content specifications at a professional technical reading level.
Produce clearly written and formatted patient documentation, incident reports, and professional emails consistent with healthcare workplace standards and HIPAA awareness requirements.
Use program-standard digital tools — electronic health record (EHR) demonstration software, imaging department scheduling platforms, and productivity applications — to locate, enter, and communicate job-relevant information accurately.
Articulate the scope of practice for a limited-scope radiologic technologist, the role of the ARRT and state licensing board, and a personal plan for credentialing and career entry.

Course text

How the course runs. 7 blocks: Workplace Safety Foundations: OSHA 10 and the Imaging Environment; First Aid, CPR, and Medical Emergency Response in Imaging; Trade Math: Measurement, Unit Conversion, and Radiographic Calculations; Technical Reading: Regulations, Equipment Manuals, and ARRT Content Specifications; Healthcare Communication: Documentation, HIPAA Awareness, and Professional Writing; Digital Tools for the Imaging Professional: EHR, PACS Concepts, and Workplace Technology; Career Readiness, Credentialing Roadmap, and Professional Identity.

What competent looks like. Demonstrate OSHA 10-level hazard recognition and control in a simulated imaging suite, correctly identifying and responding to at least four distinct hazard categories. Perform trade-relevant math calculations — including unit conversions for radiation exposure, decimal and percentage computations for technique charts, and basic dosimetry arithmetic — with at least 80% accuracy on a timed assessment. Read and accurately interpret radiologic technology equipment manuals, safety data sheets, regulatory bulletins, and ARRT content specifications at a professional technical reading level. Produce clearly written and formatted patient documentation, incident reports, and professional emails consistent with healthcare workplace standards and HIPAA awareness requirements. Use program-standard digital tools — electronic health record (EHR) demonstration software, imaging department scheduling platforms, and productivity applications — to locate, enter, and communicate job-relevant information accurately. Articulate the scope of practice for a limited-scope radiologic technologist, the role of the ARRT and state licensing board, and a personal plan for credentialing and career entry.

Lessons · 7 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Workplace Safety Foundations: OSHA 10 and the Imaging Environment	24	theory	Students will identify OSHA-recognized hazard categories present in diagnostic imaging departments and apply the hierarchy of controls to at least four realistic scenarios, demonstrating readiness for OSHA 10 card attainment.	Guided walkthrough of a virtual imaging suite floor plan: students annotate a printed map flagging biological hazards (blood-borne pathogens), chemical hazards (radiographic chemistry or contrast media spills), ergonomic hazards (patient transfer), electrical hazards (X-ray equipment power), and radiation hazard zones, then discuss findings in small groups. Case-study analysis: students read three incident reports from radiology department settings (needlestick, contrast spill, tripping over cable) and apply the hierarchy of controls (elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, PPE) in writing for each case, citing relevant OSHA general industry standards by concept rather than code number. Tabletop emergency drill simulation: instructor presents a sudden scenario (patient fall during positioning), and students in pairs verbalize their response sequence — stop X-ray exposure, ensure patient safety, call for help, document — then debrief against a standard response checklist.	OSHA 10-Hour General Industry student workbook (OSHA-authorized provider), printed imaging suite floor plan diagram, three sample radiology incident reports (instructor-prepared), hierarchy of controls reference card, standard precautions poster, disposable gloves and gown for PPE demonstration	Students complete the OSHA 10-Hour General Industry card examination through the authorized provider (passing standard set by provider, typically 70%) and score at least 80% on an instructor-designed 20-item hazard-recognition quiz specific to imaging environments; both must be passed before progressing.
2	First Aid, CPR, and Medical Emergency Response in Imaging	16	lab	Students will demonstrate adult, child, and infant CPR plus AED operation and deliver appropriate first-aid responses to three simulated medical emergencies commonly encountered in outpatient imaging — contrast reaction, syncope, and seizure — meeting current American Heart Association or American Red Cross skill standards.	Hands-on CPR and AED skills session on manikins: each student performs a full adult CPR cycle (compressions and rescue breaths at correct ratio and depth) and operates a training AED from recognition of unresponsiveness through delivery of a simulated shock, documented on an individual skills checklist by the instructor. Scenario rotation: students rotate through three timed stations — (1) patient faints after IV contrast injection: place in recovery position, call for emergency assistance, monitor airway; (2) patient seizes on X-ray table: protect from injury, time seizure, do not restrain; (3) patient reports chest tightness and shortness of breath: stop procedure, initiate emergency call chain, prepare crash-cart location — each station is observed and scored by a classmate using a structured rubric. Group debrief and documentation practice: after scenarios, students complete a mock incident report form for each emergency event, recording objective observations, actions taken, and time sequence, then compare forms in pairs for accuracy and completeness.	Adult, child, and infant CPR manikins, AED trainer units, first-aid kit (for demonstration), scenario description cards, individual CPR skills checklist, mock incident report forms, current American Heart Association or American Red Cross BLS/first-aid course materials	Students must obtain a current CPR/AED certification card (adult, child, infant) from an American Heart Association or American Red Cross course delivered or accepted by the program, and must score at least 80% on the scenario rubric across all three stations; uncertified students repeat the skills session before advancing.
3	Trade Math: Measurement, Unit Conversion, and Radiographic Calculations	28	practice	Students will accurately solve trade-specific quantitative problems — including metric and US unit conversions, radiation unit conversions between traditional and SI systems, percentage and ratio calculations for technique charts, and basic inverse-square-law problems — at 80% or higher on a timed exam.	Concept-to-context worksheets: students work through a scaffolded packet covering (1) metric prefixes and SI base units relevant to imaging (meter, kilogram, second, gray, sievert, roentgen, rem, rad), (2) conversions between traditional and SI radiation units using conversion factors provided, and (3) percentage calculations such as converting a technique-chart mAs value when changing grid ratio, checking answers with a calculator and then estimating without one. Inverse-square-law lab exercise: using a flashlight and a lux meter (or printable grid squares as a proxy), students measure or compute relative intensity at distances of 40 inches and 72 inches (standard source-to-image distances), record data in a table, and calculate the ratio, then discuss how the same law governs radiation intensity at different source-to-image receptor distances. Timed peer-challenge drill: in pairs, students take turns presenting each other with one-step and two-step word problems drawn from an instructor-prepared bank (e.g., 'A patient receives 2 mGy from an exam. Convert this to rad.'), timing each other at 90 seconds per problem, and checking answers against a key — errors are analyzed for whether they stem from arithmetic, unit confusion, or misreading the problem.	Scientific calculator (non-programmable, matching allowable type for ARRT exams), metric conversion reference card, SI/traditional radiation unit conversion table, lux meter or printed intensity-grid proxy, scaffolded math worksheets (instructor-prepared), inverse-square-law formula card, ARRT Content Specifications document (for context)	Students score at least 80% on a 30-item timed math exam (45 minutes, calculator permitted, no reference cards) covering all four problem types; students scoring below 80% complete a remediation worksheet set and retest once before the next lesson begins.
4	Technical Reading: Regulations, Equipment Manuals, and ARRT Content Specifications	20	theory	Students will locate specific information in four categories of technical documents — state radiation control regulations, X-ray equipment operator manuals, ARRT content specifications, and radiology department policy-and-procedure manuals — and accurately answer comprehension questions about scope of practice, safety limits, and procedural requirements.	Document scavenger hunt: given printed excerpts from a state radiation control regulation (instructor-selected from a state that publishes its rules publicly), an X-ray unit operator manual, and the ARRT Limited Scope of Practice Examination content specifications, students answer a 15-question worksheet requiring them to quote or paraphrase the relevant passage and cite the section heading — reinforcing that authoritative documents, not memory alone, govern practice. Scope-of-practice mapping activity: students receive a list of 20 clinical tasks (e.g., 'take a chest X-ray,' 'administer IV contrast,' 'interpret a radiograph for diagnosis,' 'apply a lead apron') and, using the ARRT content specifications and a model state limited-scope regulation excerpt, classify each task as within or outside the limited-scope technologist's legal scope, then justify each classification in one sentence. Think-aloud reading of an equipment safety bulletin: instructor reads a sample X-ray generator service bulletin aloud, modeling how a technologist identifies the affected equipment model, the described hazard, required action, and reporting deadline — students then independently read a second bulletin and complete a structured summary form (equipment affected, hazard, action required, deadline) to demonstrate the skill.	Printed excerpts from a publicly available state radiation control regulation, X-ray unit operator manual excerpt (instructor-sourced from a manufacturer), ARRT Limited Scope of Practice Examination content specifications (downloaded from ARRT.org), ARRT Radiography content specifications, sample equipment safety bulletin (instructor-prepared or sourced), scope-of-practice classification worksheet	Students score at least 80% on a 20-item open-document comprehension quiz (documents provided, 30 minutes) requiring them to locate and accurately report regulatory and procedural information; any student who does not pass identifies their error patterns with instructor guidance and completes a targeted re-read before the next lesson.
5	Healthcare Communication: Documentation, HIPAA Awareness, and Professional Writing	20	practice	Students will produce correctly formatted, objective, and complete clinical documentation — including a patient history intake note, a radiology examination requisition entry, and a written incident report — and demonstrate awareness of HIPAA Privacy Rule requirements relevant to patient information in imaging settings.	HIPAA awareness case analysis: students read three short vignettes describing a radiology technologist's actions (e.g., discussing a patient's exam results in a hallway, emailing an image file to a personal account, leaving a patient logbook visible at a reception desk) and classify each as compliant or a potential HIPAA violation, then write one corrective action per violation, referencing the minimum-necessary principle and the concept of protected health information without speculating on specific penalty amounts. Patient history and requisition documentation lab: using a simulated patient scenario card (fictional patient demographics, presenting complaint, referring physician order), students complete a standard radiology requisition form and write a brief patient history note using objective, professional language — instructor reviews for completeness, absence of subjective opinion, correct medical terminology use, and absence of identifying information that would be inappropriate in a teaching document. Professional email and verbal communication role-play: students draft a professional email from a limited-scope technologist to a supervising radiologist flagging an equipment malfunction observed before a scheduled exam, then role-play a brief verbal handoff of the same information — peers evaluate drafts and verbal handoffs against a rubric covering clarity, professional tone, accuracy, and appropriate escalation language.	HIPAA Privacy Rule summary (HHS plain-language overview, publicly available), blank radiology requisition form (instructor-prepared template), simulated patient scenario cards (fictional, instructor-prepared), professional email rubric, verbal handoff evaluation rubric, medical terminology quick-reference list	Each of the three documents produced (history note, requisition entry, incident report) is scored on a four-criterion rubric (accuracy, completeness, professional language, HIPAA compliance); students must score Satisfactory (meeting all four criteria at the defined level) on all three documents; any unsatisfactory document is revised once and re-evaluated.
6	Digital Tools for the Imaging Professional: EHR, PACS Concepts, and Workplace Technology	20	demo	Students will navigate a demonstration electronic health record and a PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) training interface to locate a patient order, enter an examination record, and retrieve a stored image, completing each task accurately within a realistic time limit.	EHR demonstration walkthrough: using publicly available or program-licensed EHR training software (such as an open-source training environment), instructor demonstrates patient lookup, order verification, and status update workflows while students follow along on individual workstations, annotating a printed workflow diagram at each step — emphasis is placed on verifying patient identity (two identifiers) before every action, connecting directly to ARRT ethics and patient-safety content areas. PACS concepts and image retrieval simulation: instructor demonstrates — using a PACS training module or a screen-capture walkthrough — how radiographic images move from the X-ray detector to the PACS server, how a technologist verifies the correct patient folder before committing images, and how a radiologist retrieves them for reading; students then complete a guided exercise locating a designated fictional patient's folder and documenting the accession number and study date. Productivity tools practice: students use a spreadsheet application to create a simple radiographic technique chart (columns for body part, projection, kVp range, mAs range, SID, grid use), enter five rows of instructor-provided data, apply basic formatting, and save the file in a designated folder — reinforcing file management habits and the concept that technique chart maintenance is a quality-control responsibility of the technologist.	Computer workstations with internet access, EHR training software or open-source simulation, PACS training module or instructor-prepared screen-capture walkthrough, spreadsheet application (such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets), printed EHR workflow diagram, PACS terminology glossary	Students complete a practical skills checklist: (1) locate a fictional patient order in the EHR, verify two patient identifiers, and update exam status — must complete correctly within 5 minutes; (2) retrieve a designated fictional image folder in the PACS simulation and record the correct accession number — must be accurate; (3) submit a formatted technique chart spreadsheet meeting all five formatting criteria; all three tasks must be completed satisfactorily to pass this lesson.
7	Career Readiness, Credentialing Roadmap, and Professional Identity	20	field	Students will produce a personal credentialing and career plan that correctly describes the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examination eligibility pathways, the state licensing process, and three realistic steps they will take within the next 12 months toward credential attainment, and will present this plan orally to a small group.	Credentialing pathway research and comparison activity: using the ARRT.org website and their state radiation control program's public information, students complete a structured comparison chart contrasting the ARRT Limited Scope examination (eligibility requirements, content areas, continuing education for renewal) with the ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examination and their state license requirements — instructor verifies all information against current primary sources before the lesson, and students are taught to check the ARRT website for updates since requirements change periodically. Informational interview debrief: students conduct a brief (15-minute) structured informational interview — in person, by phone, or by video — with a working limited-scope technologist or radiologic technologist (arranged through program clinical affiliates) and report back on the interviewee's credentialing journey, daily scope of practice, and one piece of career advice; findings are shared in a brief written summary (one page) and discussed in class. Personal credentialing and career plan development and peer presentation: students draft a one-to-two-page written plan identifying their target credential sequence, expected examination eligibility date based on program completion, state license application steps, and three concrete personal action steps (e.g., 'Complete CPR certification by end of Course 1,' 'Submit ARRT Ethics Pre-Application Review if applicable,' 'Register for the limited-scope examination within 30 days of program completion'); students present their plans to a group of three peers who provide written feedback using a provided rubric.	ARRT.org credentialing requirement pages (current, printed or bookmarked), state radiation control program public information pages, informational interview question guide (instructor-prepared), personal credentialing plan template, peer feedback rubric, ARRT Ethics Requirements summary	Students submit a written credentialing plan scored against a four-criterion rubric (accuracy of credentialing facts, specificity of personal action steps, professional presentation, use of primary sources); students must score Satisfactory on all four criteria. The oral presentation is scored by at least two peers using the rubric; any plan with factual inaccuracies about credentialing requirements is revised after instructor correction and resubmitted.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Safety and Regulatory Knowledge Exam	Written exam	25%	80% or higher (24 of 30 items correct)	A 30-item multiple-choice examination administered under timed conditions (40 minutes, closed-book) covering OSHA hazard categories as applied to imaging departments, standard precautions, emergency response sequences for common imaging-suite events, and HIPAA Privacy Rule concepts relevant to patient imaging records. Items are written at the application level, requiring students to select the correct action or identify the regulatory basis for a described practice, directly reflecting the patient-safety and radiation-protection knowledge tested on the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography content specifications. Accuracy · Safety · Communication · Professionalism
Trade Math and Technical Reading Exam	Written exam	25%	80% or higher (24 of 30 items correct)	A 30-item examination combining 20 calculation problems (calculator permitted, no reference cards; covering unit conversions, inverse-square-law, percentage, and ratio problems in radiographic contexts) and 10 open-document technical reading items (relevant excerpts provided; requiring students to locate scope-of-practice limits, equipment operating parameters, or regulatory thresholds). This assessment maps to the quantitative reasoning and radiation physics foundations tested across all three target credentials. Accuracy · Safety · Communication · Professionalism
Personal Credentialing and Career Plan Portfolio Project	Project	25%	Satisfactory rating on all four rubric criteria (accuracy, specificity, professional presentation, primary-source use); any criterion rated Unsatisfactory requires one revision cycle	Students submit a polished one-to-two-page written credentialing and career plan accompanied by their annotated credentialing comparison chart and a one-page informational interview summary. The complete portfolio is evaluated by the instructor against the four-criterion rubric; the project is designed to ensure every student enters credential-specific coursework with a clear, factually accurate understanding of the ARRT Limited Scope, ARRT Radiography (RT-R), and State Radiologic License pathways they are pursuing. Accuracy · Safety · Communication · Professionalism
Career Readiness Oral Defense	Oral / panel	25%	Satisfactory on all three evaluation dimensions (content accuracy, professional communication, response to challenge questions); one repeat opportunity if any dimension is rated Unsatisfactory	Each student presents their credentialing and career plan orally (five to seven minutes) to a panel of two evaluators — the course instructor and one program advisor or clinical affiliate — who then pose two to three challenge questions probing the student's understanding of scope-of-practice limits, a HIPAA scenario, and one safety decision. The oral defense assesses the professional communication competencies expected by healthcare employers and previews the kind of professional self-advocacy required when students interact with ARRT, state licensing boards, and clinical supervisors throughout the remainder of the program. Accuracy · Safety · Communication · Professionalism

HLT-RADI64-02 Trade course

Radiation Physics & Safety for Limited Radiologic Technology

314 hr · ~~$5,880~~ COMPLIMENTARY

This course develops the foundational scientific knowledge and practical safety skills required to produce diagnostic radiographic images safely and ethically. Students study the physics of X-ray production, the interaction of radiation with matter, dose measurement, and the regulatory and procedural framework for protecting patients, workers, and the public. All content maps directly to the radiation physics and radiation protection competency areas tested on ARRT credentialing examinations and required for state licensure.

Outcomes

Explain the physical principles of X-ray production, including the role of kilovoltage, milliamperage, and target material, using correct terminology and units.
Describe how X-rays interact with matter through the five major interaction mechanisms and predict how those interactions affect image quality and patient dose.
Apply the principles of ALARA, time-distance-shielding, and beam restriction to reduce occupational and patient radiation exposure to acceptable levels.
Interpret dosimetry data from personal monitoring devices and explain the significance of dose limits for occupationally exposed workers and members of the public.
Identify federal and state regulatory requirements governing radiation safety in diagnostic imaging, including the role of the NRC, state radiation control programs, and accreditation bodies.
Perform and document a radiation safety audit of a simulated radiographic room, identifying hazards and recommending corrective actions consistent with accepted standards.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: The Nature of Ionizing Radiation: Electromagnetic Spectrum and X-Ray Characteristics; X-Ray Production: The X-Ray Tube, Circuits, and Emission Spectrum; Photon Interactions with Matter: Five Mechanisms and Their Clinical Significance; Radiographic Exposure Factors: kVp, mAs, Distance, and Their Effects on Dose and Image; Units of Radiation Measurement: Exposure, Absorbed Dose, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose; Biological Effects of Radiation: Deterministic and Stochastic Effects, Dose-Response Models; Radiation Protection Principles: ALARA, Time, Distance, and Shielding; Personnel Dosimetry: Monitoring Devices, Dose Limits, and Record Keeping; Protective Shielding: Structural Design Concepts and Area Classification; Beam Restriction and Scatter Control: Collimation, Grids, and Filtration; Radiation Safety Regulations and the Regulatory Framework; Radiation Safety Audit: Integration, Documentation, and Professional Communication.

What competent looks like. Explain the physical principles of X-ray production, including the role of kilovoltage, milliamperage, and target material, using correct terminology and units. Describe how X-rays interact with matter through the five major interaction mechanisms and predict how those interactions affect image quality and patient dose. Apply the principles of ALARA, time-distance-shielding, and beam restriction to reduce occupational and patient radiation exposure to acceptable levels. Interpret dosimetry data from personal monitoring devices and explain the significance of dose limits for occupationally exposed workers and members of the public. Identify federal and state regulatory requirements governing radiation safety in diagnostic imaging, including the role of the NRC, state radiation control programs, and accreditation bodies. Perform and document a radiation safety audit of a simulated radiographic room, identifying hazards and recommending corrective actions consistent with accepted standards.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	The Nature of Ionizing Radiation: Electromagnetic Spectrum and X-Ray Characteristics	22	theory	Students will classify ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum and describe the physical properties of X-rays that make them useful for medical imaging.	Annotate a printed electromagnetic spectrum diagram, labeling wavelength, frequency, and energy ranges for visible light, UV, and diagnostic X-ray bands, then compare with a partner and discuss where errors occurred. Read assigned sections from Bushong's Radiologic Science for Technologists and complete a structured note-taking guide distinguishing particle radiation from electromagnetic radiation with examples of each. Work in small groups to match clinical scenarios (e.g., chest X-ray, fluoroscopy) to the relevant photon energy ranges and explain in writing why those energies are appropriate for each application.	Bushong, Radiologic Science for Technologists (current edition); electromagnetic spectrum wall chart; structured note-taking guide worksheets; whiteboard	Exit-ticket quiz of 10 multiple-choice items covering spectrum position, wave properties, and ionization potential; pass mark 70%.
2	X-Ray Production: The X-Ray Tube, Circuits, and Emission Spectrum	28	demo	Students will trace the path of electron production, acceleration, and interaction at the anode to explain how both characteristic and bremsstrahlung X-rays are generated.	Observe instructor demonstration of a sectioned or transparent X-ray tube model; label a cutaway diagram identifying cathode, filament, focusing cup, anode, target material, glass envelope, and port. Use simulation software (or projected tube-voltage/current graphs) to manipulate kVp and mAs settings and record how each change shifts the emission spectrum, documenting observations in a lab notebook. In pairs, sketch and narrate the bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation production processes on a whiteboard, then receive peer and instructor feedback against a provided rubric.	Sectioned X-ray tube model or equivalent simulation software; emission spectrum graph handouts; lab notebooks; whiteboard; Bushong textbook	Scored diagram labeling exercise (10 structures, 100 points possible); pass mark 70%. Instructor verifies each student can verbally explain bremsstrahlung vs. characteristic production.
3	Photon Interactions with Matter: Five Mechanisms and Their Clinical Significance	26	theory	Students will explain the five major X-ray photon interactions with matter—coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and photodisintegration—and identify which dominate in diagnostic imaging and why.	Complete a matrix worksheet comparing the five interaction types across variables including energy range, atomic number dependence, electron ejection, and contribution to image vs. patient dose. Analyze a set of simulated radiographic images showing different scatter patterns; for each image, students write a short explanation linking image appearance to Compton scatter probability. Group problem-solving activity: given patient tissue type and kVp range, students predict the predominant interaction mechanism and justify their reasoning, presenting findings to the class.	Interaction matrix worksheet; simulated image sets; Bushong textbook; whiteboard; projected kVp-tissue tables	Written short-answer quiz on five interactions with two application questions; pass mark 70%. Instructor reviews reasoning on application questions, not just correct identification.
4	Radiographic Exposure Factors: kVp, mAs, Distance, and Their Effects on Dose and Image	28	lab	Students will manipulate kVp, mAs, and source-to-image distance (SID) in a controlled laboratory setting and measure the resulting change in exposure to demonstrate the inverse square law and exposure factor relationships.	Using a calibrated radiation survey meter or dosimeter at fixed geometry, vary SID in prescribed increments, record exposure readings, and calculate whether results conform to the inverse square law within acceptable tolerance. Set up a digital radiographic phantom exposure series on the lab radiographic unit, systematically changing one factor at a time (kVp only, then mAs only), and record detector air kerma values alongside image receptor exposure index numbers. Enter collected data into a spreadsheet template, graph the relationships, and write a one-page summary explaining how the findings would guide clinical technique selection while minimizing patient dose.	Calibrated radiation survey meter or ionization chamber dosimeter; lab radiographic unit with digital detector; anthropomorphic or step-wedge phantom; spreadsheet software; lab notebook	Lab report evaluated on accuracy of inverse square law calculations (within ±10%), completeness of data table, and quality of written summary; pass mark 70%.
5	Units of Radiation Measurement: Exposure, Absorbed Dose, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose	20	theory	Students will convert between traditional and SI radiation units and select the correct unit for a given clinical or regulatory context.	Complete a unit conversion drill set converting roentgen to coulombs per kilogram, rad to gray, rem to sievert, and vice versa, using dimensional analysis; check answers against an answer key and correct errors. Read a sample occupational dose report from a dosimetry vendor and identify each reported quantity, its unit, and its meaning; flag any value that would require regulatory notification under general guidelines. Participate in a class discussion using projected regulatory guidance documents; students match quantities (entrance skin exposure, effective dose, equivalent dose to lens) to the correct unit and justify which unit is used for regulatory limits.	Unit conversion drill worksheets with answer keys; sample dosimetry vendor report (de-identified); projected regulatory guidance excerpts; Bushong textbook; calculators	Timed 20-item unit conversion and identification quiz; pass mark 70%. Instructor reviews any systematic conversion errors individually.
6	Biological Effects of Radiation: Deterministic and Stochastic Effects, Dose-Response Models	24	theory	Students will distinguish deterministic from stochastic radiation effects, describe the linear no-threshold model and its application to radiation protection policy, and identify radiosensitive tissues relevant to diagnostic imaging.	Compare and annotate two dose-response curve diagrams—one for deterministic effects with threshold and one for stochastic effects using the LNT model—and write explanatory captions for each. In small groups, rank a provided list of body tissues and organs from most to least radiosensitive using Bergonié-Tribondeau principles, then compare rankings with class and resolve discrepancies with textbook evidence. Case study analysis: given three hypothetical patient exposure scenarios with estimated effective doses, students assess relative risk, explain which effects are plausible, and propose protective measures for future similar exams.	Dose-response curve handouts; tissue radiosensitivity ranking worksheet; case study packets; Bushong textbook; NCRP educational resources	Written case study response graded against a rubric covering accuracy of effect classification, correct use of LNT model, and appropriateness of protective recommendations; pass mark 70%.
7	Radiation Protection Principles: ALARA, Time, Distance, and Shielding	28	practice	Students will apply the ALARA principle using the three primary protection tools—time, distance, and shielding—to calculate and compare occupational dose reduction strategies in realistic imaging scenarios.	Work through a set of structured calculation problems using inverse square law and half-value layer (HVL) concepts to determine the lead thickness or distance required to reduce exposure to a specified level; show all work for instructor review. Role-play a portable chest X-ray scenario in the skills lab: one student positions a phantom, one acts as technologist, one monitors with a survey meter, and one documents; rotate roles and debrief on time-distance-shielding decisions made. Review and critique a provided safety procedure for a simulated busy radiographic room, identifying at least three specific ALARA violations and rewriting the procedure with corrections and justifications.	Calculation problem set with answer key; portable radiographic unit or simulation setup; survey meter; lead aprons and thyroid shields; ALARA procedure document for critique	Calculation problem set graded for correct setup and arithmetic (10 problems, 100 points); pass mark 70%. Instructor observes role-play for correct shield placement and distance maintenance.
8	Personnel Dosimetry: Monitoring Devices, Dose Limits, and Record Keeping	22	theory	Students will describe how film badge, OSL, and TLD dosimeters function, interpret a sample occupational dose report, and state current NCRP recommended dose limits for radiation workers and the public.	Examine and handle actual or replica OSL and TLD dosimeters; complete a comparison chart of monitoring device types listing detection mechanism, reading frequency, advantages, and limitations. Interpret a de-identified six-month occupational dose history report, identifying cumulative dose, monthly highs, and any value that approaches a limit; write a memo to a hypothetical supervisor summarizing findings. Research and list current NCRP recommended annual dose limits for whole body, lens of eye, extremities, and members of the public using NCRP report summaries provided in class; discuss why different limits exist for different tissues.	OSL and TLD dosimeter samples or replicas; de-identified dose history report; NCRP report summary excerpts; comparison chart worksheet; Bushong textbook	Memo assignment graded on correct identification of all reportable values and appropriate supervisor communication; pass mark: all values correctly identified and memo is professionally written.
9	Protective Shielding: Structural Design Concepts and Area Classification	20	theory	Students will explain the principles used to determine primary and secondary radiation barriers and classify radiographic room occupancy factors, recognizing the limited-scope technologist's role in verifying—not designing—shielding.	Study a set of simplified radiographic room floor plans and identify which walls are primary barriers and which are secondary barriers, explaining the reasoning based on beam direction and occupancy. Read an excerpt from NCRP Report No. 147 or equivalent current guidance summary and complete a guided-reading worksheet identifying key variables (workload, use factor, occupancy factor) and their roles in shielding design. Discussion exercise: given three room configurations (busy emergency department X-ray room, small clinic portable bay, dental panoramic suite), students rank shielding adequacy concerns and explain why the limited-scope practitioner must report—not fix—suspected shielding deficiencies.	Room floor plan diagrams; NCRP Report No. 147 excerpt or equivalent summary; guided-reading worksheet; Bushong textbook	Barrier identification exercise scored (10 wall segments, 100 points); pass mark 70%. Instructor confirms students can articulate scope-of-practice limits in barrier evaluation.
10	Beam Restriction and Scatter Control: Collimation, Grids, and Filtration	28	lab	Students will operate collimation and select appropriate grid ratios and filtration to minimize patient dose and scatter while maintaining acceptable image quality on a digital radiographic system.	Lab exercise with a digital detector and phantom: produce three exposures of the same anatomy—open field, collimated to the anatomy, and collimated tightly beyond anatomy—and compare exposure index values and image receptor dose readings to quantify scatter reduction. Test two available grid ratios (e.g., 8:1 and 12:1) on identical phantom exposures, record detector readings, and calculate the Bucky factor difference; write conclusions about clinical situations where each grid ratio is preferred. Inspect the added filtration at the tube port using HVL measurement data provided by the instructor; confirm that filtration meets minimum requirements and document the finding in a formal equipment check log entry.	Digital radiographic unit with adjustable collimator; step-wedge and anthropomorphic phantoms; available grid set (at least two ratios); dosimeter; equipment check log form; Bushong textbook	Lab report including exposure index comparison table, grid factor calculations, and filtration documentation entry; pass mark 70%. All three sections must meet pass mark independently.
11	Radiation Safety Regulations and the Regulatory Framework	22	theory	Students will identify the federal agencies, state radiation control programs, and accreditation bodies that regulate diagnostic radiation use, and describe the technologist's legal obligations under that framework.	Create an annotated organizational chart mapping regulatory authority from the NRC and FDA through state radiation control programs to the imaging facility, noting which body sets equipment standards, which sets dose limits, and which handles practitioner licensure. Review a sample state radiation control program inspection checklist (publicly available); for each item on the checklist, students note whether a limited-scope technologist is directly responsible, indirectly responsible, or not responsible, and explain each decision. Case study: a limited-scope technologist notices that the posted technique chart is outdated and radiation output seems higher than expected. Students write a step-by-step action plan referencing the regulatory reporting pathway they would follow, without exceeding their scope of practice.	State radiation control program inspection checklist (public document); regulatory authority organizational chart template; case study packet; current state radiation regulations summary	Annotated org chart and action plan graded on accuracy of agency roles and appropriateness of technologist actions; pass mark 70%. Action plan must not assign technologist actions outside scope of practice to receive full credit.
12	Radiation Safety Audit: Integration, Documentation, and Professional Communication	46	field	Students will conduct a comprehensive radiation safety audit of a simulated or actual radiographic room, document findings using a standard audit form, and present corrective action recommendations to the class.	Using a provided radiation safety audit checklist adapted from state inspection criteria, inspect a simulated or partner-institution radiographic room: survey radiation levels at operator position and adjacent areas with a calibrated meter, verify lead apron and thyroid shield inventory and condition, confirm posted technique charts and dosimetry program signage, and document each finding with meter readings or observations. Compile audit findings into a formal written report following a structured template: executive summary, methods, findings by category, identified deficiencies with severity rating (minor/major), and prioritized corrective action recommendations referencing applicable regulatory guidance. Present a 10-minute summary of audit findings and recommendations to the class acting as a simulated facility radiation safety committee; respond to at least three questions from peers and the instructor, demonstrating ability to defend technical conclusions professionally.	Calibrated radiation survey meter; radiation safety audit checklist; lead apron and shield inspection criteria; simulated or partner-site radiographic room access; audit report template; presentation equipment	Audit report graded on completeness (all checklist areas addressed), accuracy of meter readings and documentation, appropriate severity ratings, and defensibility of recommendations; pass mark 70%. Presentation graded separately on clarity and professional response to questions; must pass both components.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Radiation Physics and Safety Knowledge Examination	Written exam	25%	70% correct (minimum 70 of 100 items)	A 100-item multiple-choice examination covering all course content areas—X-ray production, photon interactions, exposure units, biological effects, ALARA principles, dosimetry, shielding, beam restriction, and the regulatory framework—mirroring the format and cognitive level of ARRT examination items. Students who do not achieve 70% must remediate identified weak content areas and retake an alternate form within two weeks. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation Safety Practical Skills Demonstration	Skills demonstration	45%	All critical safety steps performed correctly; overall checklist score 80% or higher	The instructor evaluates each student individually as they set up and perform a portable chest X-ray on a phantom: the student must correctly don and position personal protective equipment, apply collimation, verify technique, position themselves at the required distance behind adequate shielding, and verbally explain each decision referencing ALARA. Any critical safety error (e.g., failure to wear lead apron, beam directed at occupied area) results in automatic failure and mandatory repeat. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Laboratory Log and Equipment Documentation Portfolio	Log	15%	All required entries present, data complete and within acceptable tolerance, calculations correct to within ±10%; overall score 70%	Students submit a compiled lab log containing all lab entries from Lessons 4, 10, and 11, including raw data tables, inverse square law calculations, grid factor calculations, HVL documentation, exposure index comparison tables, and the radiation safety audit report. Entries are evaluated for scientific accuracy, completeness, and professional documentation format consistent with what would be expected in a clinical quality assurance record. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation Safety Scenario and Scope-of-Practice Check	Safety audit	15%	All critical-safety-flagged items answered correctly; overall score 70%; any answer that places the technologist or patient in unsafe or illegal position results in automatic failure and mandatory remediation	Students respond in writing to five realistic clinical scenarios (e.g., pregnant patient presenting for lumbar spine X-ray, malfunctioning collimator, coworker not wearing dosimeter, unusual survey meter reading near the control booth) and must identify the correct protective action, state who must be notified, and specify the scope-of-practice boundary for a limited-scope technologist. This assessment maps directly to the radiation safety and protection content areas of the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography examinations and to state licensure requirements. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-03 Trade course

Anatomy & Positioning for Radiographic Practice

313 hr · ~~$5,860~~ COMPLIMENTARY

This course develops the anatomical knowledge and radiographic positioning skills required to produce diagnostic-quality images across the major body regions examined in limited-scope and full radiography practice. Students learn skeletal and soft-tissue anatomy, standard projections and positioning terminology, and the relationship between patient position, central ray direction, and image quality. Lessons map directly to the Anatomy & Positioning content areas of the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examinations.

Outcomes

Identify and describe the major bones, joints, and relevant soft-tissue structures of the thorax, abdomen, spine, upper extremity, lower extremity, and skull using correct anatomical and radiographic terminology.
Apply standard ARRT-recognized positioning terminology (projections, planes, body positions) accurately when setting up and documenting radiographic procedures.
Position a patient and image receptor, align the central ray, and select appropriate collimation for at least 30 standard projections across all major body regions.
Evaluate a radiographic image for correct positioning landmarks, part-to-image-receptor alignment, and anatomy demonstrated, identifying deviations from the standard.
Adapt standard positions for patients with limited mobility, trauma, or orthopedic hardware while maintaining diagnostic image quality and patient safety.
Correlate radiographic anatomy to pathological findings commonly referred for plain-film examination, supporting appropriate image critique and communication with the supervising radiologist.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: Radiographic Terminology, Planes, and Positioning Fundamentals; Skeletal Anatomy of the Upper Extremity; Positioning the Upper Extremity — Fingers Through Shoulder; Skeletal Anatomy of the Lower Extremity; Positioning the Lower Extremity — Toes Through Pelvis; Thorax Anatomy and Chest/Rib Positioning; Spine Anatomy — Cervical Through Sacrum/Coccyx; Positioning the Spine — Cervical Through Sacrum/Coccyx; Skull, Facial Bones, and Sinuses; Skull and Facial Bone Positioning; Pathology Recognition and Image Critique Across All Regions; Adaptive Positioning, Documentation, and Credentialing Alignment.

What competent looks like. Identify and describe the major bones, joints, and relevant soft-tissue structures of the thorax, abdomen, spine, upper extremity, lower extremity, and skull using correct anatomical and radiographic terminology. Apply standard ARRT-recognized positioning terminology (projections, planes, body positions) accurately when setting up and documenting radiographic procedures. Position a patient and image receptor, align the central ray, and select appropriate collimation for at least 30 standard projections across all major body regions. Evaluate a radiographic image for correct positioning landmarks, part-to-image-receptor alignment, and anatomy demonstrated, identifying deviations from the standard. Adapt standard positions for patients with limited mobility, trauma, or orthopedic hardware while maintaining diagnostic image quality and patient safety. Correlate radiographic anatomy to pathological findings commonly referred for plain-film examination, supporting appropriate image critique and communication with the supervising radiologist.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Radiographic Terminology, Planes, and Positioning Fundamentals	20	theory	Students will correctly define and apply standard anatomical planes, directional terms, body positions, and projection nomenclature used in radiographic practice.	Read and annotate the positioning terminology chapter from Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positions, then create a personal reference card listing all major planes, positions, and projection terms with sketched diagrams. Complete a 40-item matching exercise pairing positional terms (PA, AP, lateral, oblique, axial, tangential) with written descriptions and anatomical diagrams. In pairs, one student calls out a positioning term while the partner demonstrates the corresponding body orientation on a positioning table, then roles reverse; instructor observes and corrects.	Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positions & Radiologic Procedures (current edition), anatomical body-plane posters, positioning terminology flashcard set, positioning table	Score ≥ 80% on a 40-item terminology quiz covering planes, directional terms, projections, and body positions; all ten core projection types correctly demonstrated in the partner activity with instructor sign-off.
2	Skeletal Anatomy of the Upper Extremity	24	theory	Students will identify all named bones and major bony landmarks of the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, humerus, and shoulder girdle on anatomical diagrams and radiographic images.	Label blank skeletal diagrams of each upper extremity segment (fingers through clavicle) without reference, then self-correct using Merrill's Atlas and the textbook; record errors for targeted review. Compare side-by-side printed radiographs and corresponding anatomical diagrams for the hand, wrist, elbow, and shoulder; annotate each radiograph by writing the name of each visible structure directly on the image. Build a region-by-region anatomy quiz using digital flashcard software (Anki or equivalent), creating at least 60 cards covering bone names, landmarks, and joint names; quiz a classmate and record scores.	Merrill's Atlas, skeletal anatomy worksheets, printed or projected radiographic images of upper extremity, articulated upper-extremity bone models, digital flashcard software	Score ≥ 80% on a 50-item image-based identification quiz in which students label structures on unlabeled radiographs of the hand, wrist, elbow, and shoulder; must correctly identify all major bones and at least 80% of listed landmarks.
3	Positioning the Upper Extremity — Fingers Through Shoulder	28	lab	Students will accurately position a cooperative partner or phantom for the standard PA, lateral, and oblique projections of all upper extremity segments, aligning the central ray and collimating correctly for each projection.	Using positioning lab worksheets derived from Merrill's Atlas, students set up each projection (PA hand, oblique hand, lateral digit, PA wrist, lateral wrist, scaphoid view, AP elbow, lateral elbow, AP shoulder, scapular Y, transthoracic lateral humerus) on a classmate, calling out CR angle, centering point, and SID before instructor approval. Perform supervised exposures on an energized radiographic unit for a minimum of six upper extremity projections, then print or display the images and self-critique using the departmental image critique checklist. Watch and discuss video demonstrations of challenging positions (scaphoid, Norgaard method for fingers, Grashey method for glenohumeral joint), then repeat each setup on a partner until the instructor confirms correct alignment.	Radiographic positioning unit (energized), image receptors and grid, collimator, SID tape measure, positioning sponges and sandbags, lead markers (R/L), Merrill's Atlas, image critique checklist, protective aprons	Instructor-observed positioning competency check: student must independently position for any three upper extremity projections called at random, achieving correct centering point (within 1 cm), CR direction, collimation, and marker placement on all three — all three must pass; repeat attempts permitted same session up to twice.
4	Skeletal Anatomy of the Lower Extremity	24	theory	Students will identify all named bones and major bony landmarks of the toes, foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, femur, and pelvis on anatomical diagrams and radiographic images.	Label blank diagrams of each lower extremity segment from phalanges through pelvis, self-correct with the atlas, and record a personal error log to focus study. Complete a radiographic image annotation activity: for each of eight provided radiographic images (foot AP, foot lateral, ankle AP, ankle lateral, knee AP, knee lateral, pelvis AP, hip AP), students write the anatomical name of every labeled arrow. Participate in an instructor-led Socratic review using projected radiographs, identifying structures, naming adjacent articulations, and predicting which joint spaces are best demonstrated on each projection.	Merrill's Atlas, lower extremity skeletal models, skeletal diagram worksheets, projected radiographic images, whiteboard	Score ≥ 80% on a 50-item image-based identification quiz covering toe-to-pelvis anatomy on radiographic images.
5	Positioning the Lower Extremity — Toes Through Pelvis	28	lab	Students will accurately position a cooperative partner or phantom for standard AP, lateral, and oblique projections of all lower extremity segments, including weight-bearing positions where indicated.	Work through each standard lower extremity projection in sequence using step-by-step positioning lab worksheets: AP toes, oblique foot, lateral foot, AP ankle, mortise ankle, AP tibia-fibula, AP knee, tunnel view (Holmblad or Camp-Coventry method), lateral knee, AP femur, frog-leg lateral hip, AP pelvis — verbalizing CR, centering, and SID for each before the instructor approves the setup. Perform supervised exposures on at least six lower extremity projections on the energized unit; display images and complete written image critique forms identifying anatomical landmarks demonstrated and any positioning errors. Practice the weight-bearing AP foot and bilateral weight-bearing knee positions using a standing positioning frame with a classmate; discuss how weight-bearing status changes the clinical interpretation of joint space width.	Radiographic positioning unit (energized), image receptors, grid, standing positioning frame, positioning sponges and Velcro straps, lead markers, protective aprons, Merrill's Atlas, image critique forms	Instructor-observed competency check: student independently positions for any three lower extremity projections selected at random; correct centering (within 1 cm), CR, collimation, and marker placement required on all three; all must pass.
6	Thorax Anatomy and Chest/Rib Positioning	28	lab	Students will identify thoracic skeletal and soft-tissue anatomy on chest and rib radiographs and correctly position patients for PA and lateral chest, AP portable chest, and rib projections using proper breathing instructions.	Study and annotate projected chest PA and lateral radiographs, identifying the trachea, carina, lung fields, mediastinal borders, heart silhouette, diaphragmatic domes, costophrenic angles, and all visualized ribs and vertebrae; compare anatomy in full inspiration versus expiration images. Position a classmate for the PA chest, lateral chest, AP chest (portable simulation), and above/below diaphragm rib series, practicing the specific breathing instructions ('take a breath in and hold,' 'breathe out and hold') aloud before each simulated exposure. Review and critique a set of six printed chest radiographs — three with correct positioning and three with intentional errors (rotation, inadequate inspiration, off-center CR) — documenting the error and its effect on anatomy demonstrated.	Upright Bucky/wall unit, portable chest positioning simulation setup, Merrill's Atlas, chest and rib radiograph image sets (printed or digital), image critique worksheets, protective aprons, lead markers	Instructor-observed competency check: student positions for PA chest, lateral chest, and one rib projection with correct CR, centering, breathing instruction verbalized, collimation, and marker — all three must pass; written image critique of three provided chest radiographs must score ≥ 80% on error identification.
7	Spine Anatomy — Cervical Through Sacrum/Coccyx	24	theory	Students will identify vertebral anatomy by region (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx), name the articulations and intervertebral disc spaces, and locate each on standard radiographic images.	Complete segmented diagram labeling exercises for each spinal region, identifying vertebral body, pedicles, laminae, spinous process, transverse processes, facet joints, and foramina, then self-correct using the atlas. Compare lateral cervical, AP thoracic, AP and lateral lumbar, and AP sacrum/coccyx radiographs to the atlas diagrams, annotating each image with structure names using a dry-erase marker on laminated prints. In small groups, build a region-by-region comparison table: for each spinal region record the number of vertebrae, typical vertebral body shape, unique features (dens, costal facets, mammillary processes), and the articulations demonstrated on standard projections.	Merrill's Atlas, vertebral column articulated model, laminated radiographic prints with dry-erase markers, comparison table worksheet	Score ≥ 80% on a 50-item written and image-identification quiz covering vertebral anatomy for all five spinal regions.
8	Positioning the Spine — Cervical Through Sacrum/Coccyx	28	lab	Students will position a cooperative partner for standard AP, lateral, and oblique projections of each spinal region, applying correct CR angles, centering points, and breathing techniques for each.	Set up the complete cervical spine series (AP, bilateral obliques, lateral, open-mouth odontoid) on a partner, verbalizing CR angle (including the 15-degree cephalad for AP cervical), centering landmark, and SID before the instructor approves; repeat for thoracic (AP, lateral) and lumbar (AP, bilateral obliques, lateral, L5-S1 spot) series. Perform supervised exposures on the energized unit for at least one cervical and one lumbar series projection; complete image critique forms focusing on correct open-mouth odontoid visualization and lumbar oblique demonstration of the 'Scottie dog' sign. Role-play a patient scenario in which the 'patient' reports neck pain after a minor fall: students discuss which projections are appropriate within limited-scope scope of practice, positioning considerations for a trauma patient, and when to stop and consult the supervising physician.	Radiographic positioning unit (energized), positioning sponges, head band/Velcro, Merrill's Atlas, image critique forms, protective aprons, lead markers	Instructor-observed competency check: student positions for any four spinal projections (one from each major region) called at random; correct CR angle (within 2 degrees), centering, collimation, and marker required on all four — all must pass.
9	Skull, Facial Bones, and Sinuses	22	theory	Students will identify the cranial and facial bones, major skull landmarks, and paranasal sinuses on anatomical models and on standard skull and facial bone radiographic images.	Use a disarticulated or labeled skull model to locate and name all cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid), major foramina, and facial bones (maxillae, zygomae, nasal bones, mandible, orbits); sketch each surface view and label from memory. Compare Waters, PA Caldwell, lateral skull, submentovertex (SMV), and paranasal sinus radiographic images to atlas diagrams; annotate each to identify sinuses (maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid), orbital floors, and cranial bones demonstrated. Complete a case-based matching activity: given three simulated clinical orders (suspected maxillary sinus infection, suspected orbital floor blowout, suspected nasal bone fracture), identify the appropriate projections and the anatomy each projection best demonstrates.	Articulated and disarticulated skull models, Merrill's Atlas, projected or printed skull and facial bone radiographs, case-based activity worksheets	Score ≥ 80% on a 40-item anatomy identification quiz using unlabeled skull and sinus radiographs, plus correct selection of projections for all three case-based scenarios.
10	Skull and Facial Bone Positioning	20	lab	Students will position a cooperative partner for the Waters, PA Caldwell, lateral skull, submentovertex, and nasal bone projections, correctly adjusting head alignment using angle landmarks and verification measurements.	Set up the Waters method (orbitomeatal line 37 degrees to IR), PA Caldwell (orbitomeatal line perpendicular, CR 15 degrees caudad), lateral skull, and SMV on a partner, using a protractor or positioning angle guide to verify head tilt before each simulated exposure; the instructor observes and provides immediate corrective feedback. Compare student-positioned simulated or practice images to atlas reference images, identifying whether the petrous ridges fall in the correct position relative to the orbits for each projection, and document findings on an image critique form. Practice nasal bone lateral and PA axial projections on a partner, noting the special care needed for collimation and CR alignment given the small anatomy and low-dose requirements.	Radiographic positioning unit (energized or simulation), head positioning angle guides, protractor, Merrill's Atlas, positioning sponges and head immobilizer, image critique forms, protective aprons, lead markers	Instructor-observed competency check: student positions for Waters and lateral skull at random; correct head angle (within 3 degrees verified by instructor measurement), CR, collimation, and marker required on both — both must pass.
11	Pathology Recognition and Image Critique Across All Regions	37	practice	Students will evaluate radiographic images from all body regions for positioning accuracy and identify common radiographic signs of pathology (fractures, pneumonia, effusion, degenerative joint changes, foreign bodies) relevant to limited-scope and general radiography practice.	Work through a structured image critique library of at least 40 radiographs covering all body regions using the four-step critique model (patient identification/marker, collimation/positioning, density/contrast, anatomy demonstrated); for each image, complete a written critique form and propose a repeat if warranted. Participate in a small-group case study review of 10 clinical radiographs showing common pathology (long-bone fractures, pleural effusion, lobar pneumonia, degenerative disc disease, renal calculi on KUB, sinus opacification); groups identify the radiographic sign, state the correct anatomical term for the finding, and explain how the finding affects positioning needs for follow-up images. Peer-teach a 5-minute mini-lesson: each student selects one body region, prepares three radiographic examples (one perfect, one with a positioning error, one with a pathology), presents to the class, and leads a guided critique.	Digital or printed radiographic image library (minimum 40 images across all regions), image critique forms, Merrill's Atlas, Fundamentals of Radiography reference text, projector	Written critique of 10 instructor-selected radiographs (two from each major region) scored on a rubric: ≥ 80% overall, with no critical patient-safety errors (e.g., missing ID marker, undetected mismatch of image to order); peer-teach presentation evaluated by instructor using a 10-point rubric, minimum score 8/10.
12	Adaptive Positioning, Documentation, and Credentialing Alignment	30	practice	Students will demonstrate modified positioning techniques for patients with mobility limitations, trauma, or implants, complete accurate radiographic positioning documentation, and connect every major body region studied to the corresponding ARRT examination content specifications.	Work through six scenario stations (non-ambulatory patient requiring AP chest in bed, splinted forearm fracture requiring cross-table lateral, arthritic knee requiring modified AP, patient with hip prosthesis requiring modified frog-leg, bariatric patient requiring adjusted technique, pediatric patient requiring immobilization discussion); at each station, students describe and demonstrate the adapted position, state any CR or IR adjustments, and document the procedure on a simulated requisition form. Complete a credentialing alignment mapping exercise: using the published ARRT content specifications for both the Limited Scope exam and the Radiography (RT-R) exam, students create a table listing each body region and projection covered in the course and marking whether it appears in the Limited Scope specifications only, both exams, or primarily the Radiography exam. Conduct a timed full positioning simulation: instructor calls any 10 projections from across the entire course in random order; student positions a partner (or phantom where available), verbalizes CR and centering for each, and the instructor records time and accuracy — debrief focuses on exam-day time management and documentation habits.	Positioning unit, sponges, adaptive positioning aids (wedges, Velcro straps, sandbags), simulated requisition forms, ARRT content specification documents (publicly available from arrt.org), Merrill's Atlas, stopwatch	Scenario station rubric: student must pass 5 of 6 stations (correct adapted positioning, documentation completed accurately, no safety violations); credentialing mapping table reviewed by instructor — must correctly classify ≥ 85% of listed projections; timed simulation: ≥ 8 of 10 projections positioned correctly within the time allowed.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Anatomy & Positioning Written Examination	Written exam	25%	Score of 80% or higher (80/100 points)	A 100-item multiple-choice and image-based examination covering anatomical identification, positioning terminology, CR angles, centering points, anatomy demonstrated on each projection, and pathology recognition across all body regions studied. Items are written at the application and analysis levels, mirroring the format and content areas of the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examinations. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Positioning Competency Skills Demonstration	Skills demonstration	45%	Pass all five randomly selected projections; each projection scored on a 10-point rubric with a minimum of 8/10 per projection	The instructor randomly selects five projections spanning at least three different body regions; the student independently positions a standardized partner from scratch, verbalizing CR direction, centering point, SID, collimation field, and marker placement before each simulated exposure. The evaluator uses a standardized 10-point rubric assessing patient communication, part alignment, CR accuracy (within specified tolerance), collimation, and documentation — any critical safety error (e.g., unshielded gonadal area where indicated, wrong side marker) results in automatic failure of that station. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Positioning and Image Critique Lab Log	Log	15%	All 30 required positioning entries completed with instructor sign-off; image critique section scores average ≥ 80%; no incomplete safety fields	Students maintain a cumulative lab log throughout the course documenting every positioning practice session: projection performed, body region, date, partner, CR and centering used, self-critique of any practice image produced, and instructor initials. A minimum of 30 distinct projections across all major body regions must be logged and verified; the log is reviewed at mid-course and again at course end, with instructor sign-off confirming each entry is accurate and complete. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation Safety and Patient Safety Positioning Check	Safety audit	15%	Pass (all five safety criteria met with zero critical violations); any critical violation requires immediate remediation and recheck before the student may continue clinical or lab work	A structured direct-observation safety checklist is completed by the instructor while the student performs a full positioning setup for one chest and one extremity projection; the five criteria evaluated are: (1) lead apron and gonadal shielding applied correctly where indicated, (2) collimation limited to the area of clinical interest, (3) patient correctly identified before positioning begins, (4) student remains outside the primary beam and uses appropriate distance or barrier during simulated exposure, and (5) image receptor and patient properly oriented so no repeat would be needed for a marker or orientation error. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-04 Trade course

Radiographic Image Evaluation

313 hr · ~~$5,860~~ COMPLIMENTARY

Students develop the systematic skills to evaluate digital and analog radiographic images for diagnostic quality, identifying and correcting exposure errors, positioning faults, and artifacts before images reach the interpreting provider. Emphasis is placed on applying established image quality criteria to each anatomical region, understanding how technical factors drive image appearance, and documenting findings in a professional manner consistent with ARRT and state licensing expectations.

Outcomes

Apply a standardized image evaluation protocol to assess radiographic images of the chest, extremities, spine, and abdomen for diagnostic acceptability.
Identify and correctly classify at least ten common image quality errors—including exposure, contrast, resolution, noise, and positioning errors—and recommend specific technical corrections.
Distinguish common radiographic artifacts (motion, grid, processing, detector) from pathological findings and document findings using correct radiographic terminology.
Demonstrate correct collimation, marker placement, and patient identification practices as evaluated on every clinical image produced in the lab setting.
Correlate radiographic appearance of selected common pathologies with expected changes to image density and contrast, selecting appropriate technical adjustments.
Complete an image evaluation log for a minimum of 100 images that meets the documentation standards required for ARRT Limited Scope and RT(R) examination eligibility.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: Foundations of Radiographic Image Quality; Digital Imaging Systems: Detectors, Processing, and Display; Systematic Image Evaluation Protocol; Exposure Errors: Identification and Technical Correction; Positioning Errors and Anatomical Criteria; Radiographic Artifacts: Recognition and Source Identification; Contrast, Noise, and Scatter Control; Geometric Factors: Distortion, Magnification, and Sharpness; Region-Specific Image Criteria: Chest and Abdomen; Region-Specific Image Criteria: Extremities and Spine; Pathology Recognition and Technique Modification; Image Evaluation Competency Capstone and Exam Readiness.

What competent looks like. Apply a standardized image evaluation protocol to assess radiographic images of the chest, extremities, spine, and abdomen for diagnostic acceptability. Identify and correctly classify at least ten common image quality errors—including exposure, contrast, resolution, noise, and positioning errors—and recommend specific technical corrections. Distinguish common radiographic artifacts (motion, grid, processing, detector) from pathological findings and document findings using correct radiographic terminology. Demonstrate correct collimation, marker placement, and patient identification practices as evaluated on every clinical image produced in the lab setting. Correlate radiographic appearance of selected common pathologies with expected changes to image density and contrast, selecting appropriate technical adjustments. Complete an image evaluation log for a minimum of 100 images that meets the documentation standards required for ARRT Limited Scope and RT(R) examination eligibility.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Foundations of Radiographic Image Quality	20	theory	Students define and differentiate the primary image quality factors—density/brightness, contrast, spatial resolution, noise, and distortion—and explain how each is controlled by technical or geometric factors.	Lecture and annotated diagram exercise: students label a reference image set identifying regions of high/low density, scale of contrast, and visible detail, using ARRT study guide terminology. Small-group matching activity pairing each image quality factor with its primary controlling variable (e.g., mAs → brightness, kVp → contrast scale, SID → magnification). Written short-answer quiz requiring students to predict how a single change in one technical factor (e.g., doubling mAs) will alter a specific image quality characteristic.	Digital image review workstation, curated reference radiograph set (chest PA, hand AP, lumbar AP), ARRT Content Specifications for Limited Scope and RT(R), Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists (current edition), whiteboard	Short-answer quiz of 20 questions covering definitions and factor–variable relationships; pass mark 75%.
2	Digital Imaging Systems: Detectors, Processing, and Display	24	theory	Students explain how computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) systems capture, process, and display an image, and describe how manufacturer exposure indicators are used to assess receptor dose.	Illustrated lecture on CR imaging plate construction and PSL readout vs. DR flat-panel detector operation (direct and indirect conversion), followed by a labeled-diagram worksheet. Hands-on comparison: students expose identical phantoms on a CR cassette and a DR detector at the same technique, then compare the resulting exposure index values and discuss differences in image appearance. Case-study discussion of three clinical images with abnormal exposure index values; students identify whether the image is overexposed, underexposed, or rescaling-masked, and state the corrective action.	CR reader, CR cassettes, DR detector panel (or simulator), radiographic phantom, PACS workstation, manufacturer exposure index reference guide, Papp Quality Management in the Imaging Sciences	Labeled diagram of CR and DR signal path submitted for grading; 100% of required components correctly identified to pass.
3	Systematic Image Evaluation Protocol	22	demo	Students apply a step-by-step image evaluation checklist—covering patient ID, marker placement, anatomical inclusion, positioning accuracy, exposure adequacy, and artifacts—to a set of practice images in the correct sequence.	Instructor live demonstration of the department image evaluation protocol using five images displayed on PACS; students follow along with a printed checklist and annotate findings. Partner practice: each student evaluates five new images using the checklist independently, then compares findings with a partner and reconciles any discrepancies with instructor guidance. Class discussion of a 'near-miss' scenario in which an incorrectly marked image could have led to wrong-side surgery; students write a one-paragraph reflection on the safety implications of marker discipline.	PACS workstation, printed Image Evaluation Checklist (program-developed, aligned to ARRT criteria), curated image set of 20 radiographs with intentional errors, ACR Practice Parameters for Radiography	Completed checklist for five assigned images; student must correctly flag ≥4 of 5 images and correctly identify the primary error on each flagged image to pass.
4	Exposure Errors: Identification and Technical Correction	28	lab	Students produce phantom radiographs at deliberately varied mAs and kVp settings, evaluate the resulting images for brightness and contrast errors, and select corrected techniques using the 15% kVp rule and mAs adjustment principles.	Lab exercise: students expose a chest phantom at four technique settings (correct, 50% mAs reduction, 50% mAs increase, and 15% kVp reduction) and print or display all four images side by side, labeling each with exposure values and describing the image quality impact. Using a provided technique chart, students calculate the corrected mAs or kVp needed to fix each erroneous image and record calculations in their lab log. Peer review: students swap lab logs with a classmate who checks calculations and image descriptions against the answer key, then both students meet with the instructor for sign-off.	Radiographic unit, chest phantom, CR or DR detector, technique chart, scientific calculator, lab log template, PACS workstation, Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists	Lab log entry with four images, labeled descriptions, and corrected technique calculations; pass requires accurate calculation of corrected technique for ≥3 of 4 error images and correct qualitative description of all four images.
5	Positioning Errors and Anatomical Criteria	28	lab	Students identify positioning errors in chest, extremity, and spine radiographs by comparing images against published anatomical inclusion and alignment criteria, and state the corrective positioning adjustment for each error found.	Image gallery walk: 20 printed or displayed radiographs are posted around the lab; students rotate to each, record the projection, identify whether positioning criteria are met, and note any error (e.g., rotation, incorrect centering, inadequate collimation). Lab simulation: students position a volunteer or anthropomorphic phantom for a PA chest and lateral lumbar spine, produce the image, and self-evaluate using the anatomical criteria checklist before instructor review. Group case study: three images with subtle positioning errors are presented; teams compete to correctly identify all errors and propose corrections, with instructor adjudication.	Radiographic unit, anthropomorphic phantom or volunteer model, positioning sponges, PACS workstation, Bontrager Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy (current edition), anatomical criteria checklists	Gallery-walk answer sheet and self-evaluation checklist; student must correctly identify the positioning status (acceptable or error) on ≥16 of 20 gallery images and correctly note the corrective action on all identified errors to pass.
6	Radiographic Artifacts: Recognition and Source Identification	26	theory	Students classify radiographic artifacts by source category—patient-related, equipment-related, detector-related, and processing-related—and distinguish artifacts from anatomical structures or pathological findings.	Illustrated lecture presenting at least 15 artifact types with representative images; students complete a classification table sorting each artifact into its source category and noting the visual appearance. Unknown artifact exercise: instructor presents 10 cropped artifact images without labels; students write the artifact name, likely cause, and corrective action for each. Lab artifact hunt: students introduce deliberate artifacts (lead object on the cassette, motion via phantom movement, grid cutoff by misaligning the Bucky) and photograph or save the resulting images for their lab log with written analysis.	PACS workstation, curated artifact image library, CR cassette, grid, lead markers, radiographic phantom, lab log template, Papp Quality Management in the Imaging Sciences	Artifact classification table and unknown artifact exercise; pass requires ≥75% correct on the unknown artifact exercise (≥8 of 10 correct name and cause).
7	Contrast, Noise, and Scatter Control	26	demo	Students explain how scatter radiation degrades image contrast, demonstrate grid selection and centering technique, and evaluate images for scatter-related contrast loss and grid artifacts.	Instructor demonstration of grid vs. non-grid imaging of an abdominal phantom at the same kVp; students measure subjective contrast differences on the PACS monitor and record observations. Grid centering exercise: students practice aligning the central ray to the grid focus at correct SID, then intentionally misalign laterally and angularly to produce grid cutoff images, which they analyze and document. Small-group analysis of four abdominal images with varying kVp (60–90 kVp range); groups rank images by contrast scale and explain the relationship between kVp, scatter production, and contrast.	Radiographic unit, focused grid, abdominal phantom, DR or CR detector, PACS workstation, tape measure, Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists	Written analysis of the four abdominal contrast images submitted in the lab log; pass requires correct ranking of all four images and accurate written explanation of kVp–contrast relationship.
8	Geometric Factors: Distortion, Magnification, and Sharpness	22	theory	Students calculate magnification factor and penumbra using SID, SOD, and OID values, and predict how changes in each geometric variable will affect image sharpness and distortion.	Worked-example lecture: instructor solves magnification factor and penumbra problems on the board; students complete five parallel problems independently and check answers. Hands-on geometry lab: students use a ball-bearing phantom, ruler, and radiographic unit at two different SID values (100 cm and 150 cm) to produce images and measure the actual magnification of the ball bearing, comparing measured values to calculated predictions. Concept mapping activity: students create a diagram showing how SID, OID, SOD, and focal spot size interact to determine sharpness and magnification, and present it to a peer for critique.	Radiographic unit, ball-bearing phantom, ruler, calculator, graph paper, PACS workstation with measurement tools, Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists	Five calculation problems and ball-bearing measurement lab entry; pass requires ≥4 of 5 calculations correct and measured magnification within 10% of calculated value.
9	Region-Specific Image Criteria: Chest and Abdomen	26	practice	Students evaluate PA chest and AP abdomen radiographs against published diagnostic acceptability criteria, correctly classify each image as acceptable or repeat-warranted, and state the clinical reason for any repeat.	Image evaluation rounds: students work through 15 chest images and 10 abdomen images using the program checklist, documenting findings for each in their lab log. Instructor-led debrief of three borderline images where diagnostic acceptability is arguable; class discusses when a radiographer is obligated to consult the ordering provider or supervising technologist before repeating. Role-play exercise: one student acts as the radiographer explaining to a simulated supervisor why a specific image requires a repeat, citing the exact criterion not met and the potential clinical consequence.	PACS workstation, curated chest and abdomen image set (25 images), Image Evaluation Checklist, ACR Practice Parameters, lab log template	Lab log entries for 25 images; pass requires correct acceptability classification on ≥20 of 25 images with documented criterion citation for every image classified as a repeat.
10	Region-Specific Image Criteria: Extremities and Spine	26	practice	Students evaluate upper and lower extremity and spine radiographs against anatomical criteria, identify the most common positioning and exposure errors for each region, and document findings using correct radiographic terminology.	Image evaluation rounds: students evaluate 30 images covering hand, wrist, foot, ankle, knee, shoulder, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis projections, recording findings in their lab log. Error frequency tally: after completing the rounds, students compile a frequency table of error types encountered and identify the three most common errors in the image set, proposing a root-cause explanation. Peer teaching: each student selects one image with a subtle error and teaches the class how to recognize it, referencing Bontrager criteria and explaining the clinical risk of missing it.	PACS workstation, curated extremity and spine image set (30 images), Bontrager Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy, Image Evaluation Checklist, lab log template	Lab log entries for 30 images with error frequency tally; pass requires correct classification on ≥24 of 30 images and a completed tally table identifying the three most common error types.
11	Pathology Recognition and Technique Modification	26	theory	Students correlate the radiographic appearance of selected additive and destructive pathologies with expected changes in tissue density, and select appropriate manual technique modifications to maintain diagnostic image quality.	Illustrated lecture on additive conditions (pleural effusion, pneumonia consolidation, ascites, Paget's disease) and destructive conditions (pneumothorax, osteoporosis, emphysema, lytic bone lesions) with example radiographs; students record expected technique adjustment direction (increase or decrease mAs/kVp) for each. Case-based problem set: students are given the clinical history and current technique for each of eight cases and must select a revised technique with rationale, referencing the tissue density principle. Group discussion: students debate whether technique modification decisions fall within the limited-scope radiographer's scope of practice or require physician/radiologist involvement, referencing ARRT standards of ethics.	PACS workstation, pathology image library, technique modification reference table, ARRT Standards of Ethics, Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists	Eight-case problem set; pass requires correct technique modification direction (increase or decrease) and a written rationale for ≥6 of 8 cases.
12	Image Evaluation Competency Capstone and Exam Readiness	39	practice	Students demonstrate end-of-course competency by independently evaluating a comprehensive unknown image set, completing and defending their image evaluation log, and correctly answering image quality questions mapped to ARRT Limited Scope and RT(R) content specifications.	Comprehensive image evaluation practical: each student independently evaluates 20 unknown images (mixed regions and error types) using only the Image Evaluation Checklist, documenting findings in timed conditions (60 minutes), simulating the clinical pace expected in externship. Image evaluation log defense: students submit their completed 100-image log and answer instructor questions about three randomly selected entries, explaining their reasoning and the clinical significance of each finding. Mapped review session: instructor leads a 90-minute targeted review keyed to ARRT content specification areas covering image production and evaluation; students complete a 40-question practice exam drawn from those domains and review all incorrect answers.	PACS workstation, 20-image unknown set, completed 100-image lab log, ARRT Content Specifications for Limited Scope and RT(R), 40-question practice exam, Image Evaluation Checklist	Practical exam: ≥75% correct classification (≥15 of 20 images) with documented criterion citation for every repeat decision; log defense: satisfactory responses on all three questioned entries; practice exam: ≥75% (≥30 of 40 correct).

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Image Quality Theory Examination	Written exam	25%	75% or higher (scaled score)	A 60-question multiple-choice and short-answer written examination covering image quality factors, digital imaging systems, exposure errors, artifact identification, geometric factors, and pathology–technique relationships, mapped directly to the image production and evaluation domains of the ARRT Limited Scope and RT(R) content specifications. Students who score below 75% must complete a remediation assignment and pass a 30-question retake at 75% or higher before progressing. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Practical Image Evaluation Skills Demonstration	Skills demonstration	45%	Student must correctly classify ≥15 of 20 images and provide a complete, accurate criterion citation for every image flagged as a repeat	Under timed conditions, the student evaluates a set of 20 unknown radiographic images covering all anatomical regions taught in the course, using the program Image Evaluation Checklist without instructor assistance. Performance is scored by the instructor against an established answer key; any image involving a patient safety concern (wrong-side marker, missing ID) that the student fails to flag results in automatic remediation regardless of overall score. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Image Evaluation Lab Log	Log	15%	Minimum 100 images documented with all required fields complete; ≥90% of entries meet the documentation quality standard on rubric	Students maintain a cumulative log throughout the course recording the projection, anatomical region, acceptability determination, primary quality criterion assessed, any error identified, and the recommended corrective action for each image evaluated in lab sessions. The log is reviewed by the instructor at the midpoint and at course completion; incomplete or inaccurate entries below the 90% threshold require correction before the log is accepted as meeting the documentation standard associated with ARRT application requirements. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation and Patient Safety Image Evaluation Check	Safety audit	15%	100% compliance on all safety-critical items; any single failure requires immediate remediation and re-demonstration before the student may continue lab activities	A structured observational checklist completed by the instructor while the student produces and evaluates two phantom radiographs in the lab, verifying correct collimation to the part, use of anatomical side markers on every image, accurate patient identification placement, proper radiation field limitation, and correct identification of any image that would constitute a repeat due to a safety-critical error such as wrong marker or missing identification. This check is conducted once at midcourse and once at end of course; the second check must be passed before the student may advance to clinical externship rotations. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-05 Trade course

Patient Care in Radiologic Technology

313 hr · ~~$5,860~~ COMPLIMENTARY

This course prepares students to provide safe, professional, and compassionate care to patients across the lifespan in diagnostic imaging settings. Topics include patient assessment, infection control, medical emergencies, pharmacology basics, contrast media, patient communication, and ethical-legal responsibilities. Lessons map directly to the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) content specifications in the Patient Care domain.

Outcomes

Perform a patient assessment including vital signs, medical history review, and clinical status evaluation prior to radiographic procedures.
Apply standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, and aseptic technique to prevent healthcare-associated infections in the imaging department.
Demonstrate correct responses to patient medical emergencies—including contrast reactions, respiratory distress, and cardiac arrest—within the radiographer's scope of practice.
Communicate effectively with patients of diverse ages, abilities, and backgrounds using plain language, active listening, and culturally sensitive practices.
Explain the legal and ethical obligations of a limited-scope or registered radiologic technologist, including informed consent, patient rights, HIPAA privacy, and mandatory reporting duties.
Safely transfer, position, and immobilize patients with varying mobility levels while preventing injury to the patient and imaging personnel.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: Roles, Ethics, and Legal Responsibilities in Radiologic Technology; Patient Communication and Cultural Competence; Patient Assessment: History, Vital Signs, and Clinical Status; Infection Control: Standard Precautions and Aseptic Technique; Patient Transfers, Positioning Assists, and Immobilization; Caring for Patients with Special Needs: Pediatric, Geriatric, and Trauma; Contrast Media: Types, Administration, and Patient Monitoring; Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media: Recognition and Response; Medical Emergencies in the Imaging Department; Medication Awareness and IV Access Monitoring for Radiographers; Documentation, Reporting, and Patient Privacy in Imaging; Integrated Patient Care Simulation: Full Imaging Encounter.

What competent looks like. Perform a patient assessment including vital signs, medical history review, and clinical status evaluation prior to radiographic procedures. Apply standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, and aseptic technique to prevent healthcare-associated infections in the imaging department. Demonstrate correct responses to patient medical emergencies—including contrast reactions, respiratory distress, and cardiac arrest—within the radiographer's scope of practice. Communicate effectively with patients of diverse ages, abilities, and backgrounds using plain language, active listening, and culturally sensitive practices. Explain the legal and ethical obligations of a limited-scope or registered radiologic technologist, including informed consent, patient rights, HIPAA privacy, and mandatory reporting duties. Safely transfer, position, and immobilize patients with varying mobility levels while preventing injury to the patient and imaging personnel.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Roles, Ethics, and Legal Responsibilities in Radiologic Technology	24	theory	Students will identify the ethical principles and legal obligations—including scope of practice, informed consent, patient rights, HIPAA privacy requirements, and mandatory reporting—that govern limited-scope and registered radiologic technologists.	Read and annotate the ARRT Standards of Ethics and a summary of HIPAA Privacy Rule requirements; record key terms in a personal glossary. Analyze three written case scenarios involving scope-of-practice dilemmas or patient-rights violations and write a one-page reasoned response for each. Role-play a consent conversation: one student acts as technologist explaining a procedure, another plays a patient with questions; class debriefs on plain-language explanations and documentation.	ARRT Standards of Ethics (current edition), HHS HIPAA Privacy Rule summary, program policy handbook, whiteboard, printed case-scenario packets	10-question multiple-choice quiz on ethics and legal terms; students must score 80% or higher to proceed.
2	Patient Communication and Cultural Competence	24	theory	Students will demonstrate therapeutic communication strategies—verbal, nonverbal, and written—adapted for patients across the lifespan and for patients with language, sensory, or cognitive barriers.	View and discuss video clips of patient-technologist interactions rated effective vs. ineffective; students document specific verbal and nonverbal techniques observed. Practice giving procedure instructions to a simulated patient using plain language at a sixth-grade reading level, then rewrite the same instructions for a pediatric patient and for an elderly patient with hearing impairment. Small-group simulation using interpreter-service etiquette protocols with a non-English-speaking patient role; instructor observes and provides structured feedback.	Communication skills textbook chapter, video clips (instructor-provided), printed procedure-instruction samples, interpreter services guideline sheet, role-play evaluation rubric	Instructor-scored role-play rubric covering plain language use, empathy, confirmation of understanding, and non-verbal awareness; minimum score 80% across all rubric categories.
3	Patient Assessment: History, Vital Signs, and Clinical Status	28	lab	Students will accurately collect a pre-procedure patient history and measure and interpret vital signs—blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature—recognizing abnormal values that require reporting before imaging proceeds.	Hands-on station rotation: each student measures blood pressure manually and by automated cuff, palpates radial pulse, counts respirations, and records SpO2 using a pulse oximeter on a peer; results compared against reference ranges. Complete a structured pre-procedure patient history form using a standardized patient script (simulated chart); identify at least three contraindications or concerns that must be communicated to the supervising clinician. Interpret a set of 10 printed vital-signs scenarios and classify each as normal, reportable, or emergency, citing reference ranges from the course textbook.	Sphygmomanometer (aneroid), stethoscope, pulse oximeter, digital thermometer, stopwatch, pre-procedure history form, vital-signs reference chart, Torres & Dutton radiography patient care textbook	Skills checklist: each vital sign measurement must fall within ±4 mmHg of instructor's simultaneous reference reading (BP) and ±2 beats/min (pulse); overall checklist pass requires 90% of steps performed correctly.
4	Infection Control: Standard Precautions and Aseptic Technique	28	lab	Students will correctly implement standard precautions—including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment selection, and equipment disinfection—and demonstrate sterile field setup appropriate for imaging procedures.	Glo-Germ hand-hygiene demonstration: students wash hands using WHO six-step technique, then view UV-light results to identify missed areas; repeat until technique is correct. Don and doff PPE (gloves, gown, mask, eye protection) following the CDC sequence while a partner uses a checklist; then reverse the process to demonstrate doff order for contamination prevention. Set up a sterile field on an imaging table tray using sterile technique, add instruments without contaminating the field, and perform a simulated contrast-needle-tray preparation; instructor observes for breaks in technique.	Glo-Germ powder and UV flashlight, disposable gloves (multiple sizes), isolation gowns, surgical masks, eye shields, sterile drape kits, sterile gloves, simulated contrast tray supplies, CDC Hand Hygiene guideline poster, disinfectant wipes, imaging table	Sterile-field setup checklist: zero critical breaks in sterile technique permitted for pass; hand hygiene must cover all six anatomical zones confirmed under UV light.
5	Patient Transfers, Positioning Assists, and Immobilization	28	demo	Students will safely transfer patients between wheelchairs, stretchers, and imaging tables using proper body mechanics and assistive techniques, and apply immobilization devices appropriate for radiographic positioning.	Instructor demonstration of assisted pivot transfer, two-person draw-sheet lateral transfer, and stretcher-to-table transfer; students practice each technique in pairs on a low training mat while instructor monitors posture and hand placement. Apply and remove a compression band, sandbags, and foam sponges to immobilize a simulated extremity for an AP projection; document device placement in a brief procedural note. Simulate transporting a supine patient on a stretcher through doorways and into an imaging room, including oxygen tank management and IV line management protocols; debrief on hazards identified.	Adjustable-height imaging table, wheelchair, stretcher, transfer belt, draw sheet, compression bands, sandbags, foam positioning sponges, portable oxygen tank (training unit), IV pole, back-safety posture guide, peer evaluation checklist	Instructor-scored transfer checklist: all safety steps (locks applied, patient communicated with, correct body mechanics used, no uncontrolled movement) must be demonstrated; pass requires 90% of checklist items completed correctly.
6	Caring for Patients with Special Needs: Pediatric, Geriatric, and Trauma	26	theory	Students will adapt patient care approaches for pediatric patients (including immobilization and dose-reduction strategies), older adults (fall prevention, skin integrity, cognitive changes), and trauma patients (spinal precautions, pain management communication).	Compare and contrast two written patient scenarios—one pediatric limb fracture, one geriatric hip fracture—and create a care-plan outline detailing communication strategy, positioning modification, and safety precautions for each. Review imaging department pediatric immobilization device options (Pigg-O-Stat concept, tape, Velcro straps) and discuss Image Gently campaign principles in a guided reading and class discussion. Case study: a trauma patient arrives on a backboard; students outline, step by step, which care steps are modified (log-roll precautions, C-collar awareness, pain communication) and justify each decision with a textbook reference.	Torres & Dutton textbook chapters on special populations, Image Gently campaign materials (imagegently.org printouts), printed case-scenario packets, Image Wisely reference (for adult dose awareness), whiteboard	Written case-plan submission: graded on identification of at least three age-specific or condition-specific modifications per case, with textbook citation; minimum score 80%.
7	Contrast Media: Types, Administration, and Patient Monitoring	28	theory	Students will describe iodinated and barium contrast agents, contraindications, pre-procedure screening requirements, routes of administration, and post-procedure monitoring responsibilities within the radiographer's scope.	Chart comparison: students create a two-column reference table distinguishing iodinated ionic vs. nonionic contrast agents, barium sulfate preparations, and gadolinium-based agents, noting key contraindications (renal function, metformin, prior reactions) for each. Work through a pre-contrast screening checklist on three simulated patient charts with varying lab values and medication histories; identify which patients require radiologist or physician clearance before contrast is given. Observe instructor demonstration of contrast preparation, labeling, and documentation practices for an IV contrast injection setup (no actual injection performed); students document steps in a procedure log.	Radiographic contrast media reference chapter (current radiography textbook), printed pre-contrast screening checklists, sample contrast media product inserts (non-expired, de-identified), simulated patient charts, contrast syringe/tubing training supplies (no active medication)	15-question written quiz on contrast types, contraindications, and screening criteria; minimum passing score 80%.
8	Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media: Recognition and Response	26	demo	Students will classify contrast-media adverse reactions by severity (mild, moderate, severe/anaphylactoid), describe recognition criteria for each, and demonstrate the radiographer's initial response steps for a severe reaction including activation of emergency response.	Instructor presents a reaction-recognition slide set with symptom clusters; students sort 20 symptom cards into mild, moderate, and severe categories and defend their placements to the group. Tabletop simulation: a simulated patient develops urticaria progressing to bronchospasm and hypotension during a contrast study; students narrate and role-play their immediate response (stop injection, call for help, position patient, prepare emergency cart) using a department emergency checklist. Locate and inventory the contents of a simulated contrast-reaction emergency kit; match each item to its purpose and the reaction scenario in which it would be used (per department emergency checklist, not administering medications independently).	Reaction-severity classification chart (ACR Manual on Contrast Media reference summary), symptom-card deck, printed department emergency checklist, simulated emergency kit (epinephrine autoinjector trainer, oxygen mask, saline bag—all simulation items only), scenario script	Observed simulation performance: student must correctly classify reaction severity within 60 seconds and verbalize all required immediate response steps without prompting; pass requires 100% of critical-action steps completed.
9	Medical Emergencies in the Imaging Department	26	practice	Students will demonstrate appropriate first-response actions for common imaging-department emergencies—including respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, syncope, seizure, and cardiac arrest—including CPR and AED use, within the radiographer's scope.	CPR and AED skills practice on manikins: each student performs a full two-minute cycle of adult CPR with correct compression depth and rate, delivers rescue breaths, and operates the AED trainer through one complete shock sequence. Station rotation through five emergency scenarios (fainting, seizure, severe hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, unresponsive patient); at each station students verbalize their assessment and initial actions using a scenario card. Debrief and written documentation practice: after each scenario, complete an incident-response documentation form as required in a clinical setting, noting time, patient status, actions taken, and personnel notified.	Adult CPR manikins (one per two students), AED trainer, first-aid reference card, emergency scenario cards, incident-report documentation forms, disposable face shields, gloves	CPR skills checklist: compression rate 100–120/min, depth at least 2 inches, full recoil between compressions, and correct AED sequence all required for pass; scenario debrief graded on critical actions verbalized—90% of critical actions required per scenario.
10	Medication Awareness and IV Access Monitoring for Radiographers	24	theory	Students will describe the classes of medications commonly encountered in imaging (contrast agents, pre-medications, emergency drugs), identify the radiographer's role in medication safety verification, and recognize signs of IV site complications requiring escalation.	Medication safety worksheet: students list the six rights of medication administration, explain which rights apply to the radiographer's verification role (not administration), and describe documentation obligations. IV site assessment practice on a simulated arm model: identify normal vs. infiltrated, phlebitic, or occluded IV sites from photographs; classify each and state the correct radiographer response. Case review: three written scenarios involving medication errors that reached imaging departments; students identify the breakdown in the safety chain, who should have caught the error, and what documentation should follow.	Radiography patient care textbook chapter on pharmacology, medication safety worksheet, IV complication photograph set, case-scenario packets, simulated arm model (or photograph series), medication error case summaries (de-identified)	Written medication-safety worksheet scored by instructor; students must correctly identify all six rights and classify all four IV site conditions accurately to pass (100% on critical safety items required).
11	Documentation, Reporting, and Patient Privacy in Imaging	26	practice	Students will accurately complete imaging department documentation—including requisition review, pre-procedure checklists, procedure logs, incident reports, and post-procedure notes—while applying HIPAA minimum-necessary standards to all written and verbal communications.	Complete a full set of imaging department documents (requisition, pre-exam checklist, procedure log, post-exam note) for a simulated patient encounter; instructor reviews for accuracy, completeness, and absence of PHI errors. HIPAA scenario exercise: review five situations involving verbal communication (hallway conversation, phone inquiry, fax, electronic record access) and identify whether each complies with or violates the minimum-necessary principle; discuss as a class. Incident-report writing practice: given a written description of a patient fall in the imaging room, students complete an incident report form using objective, factual language only; instructor compares reports for accuracy and appropriate scope.	Sample imaging requisition forms, pre-exam checklists, procedure log templates, incident-report forms, HIPAA minimum-necessary summary sheet, five scenario cards, pen, simulated patient chart	Completed document set reviewed by instructor: all required fields populated, no PHI errors, objective language used throughout; pass requires 90% of fields accurate and zero HIPAA violations in the submitted set.
12	Integrated Patient Care Simulation: Full Imaging Encounter	25	lab	Students will execute a complete, safe patient care encounter from reception through post-procedure—integrating assessment, communication, infection control, transfer, contrast screening, documentation, and emergency readiness—demonstrating entry-level competency.	Full-encounter simulation: each student conducts a 30-minute simulated imaging encounter with a standardized patient (peer or program volunteer acting as patient), covering greeting, history, vital signs, transfer, pre-contrast screening, procedure explanation, and post-procedure documentation while instructor observes with a comprehensive rubric. Peer debrief: observing students complete a structured peer-feedback form identifying two strengths and one improvement area from the simulation; instructor facilitates class-wide synthesis of common findings. Self-assessment reflection: each student writes a one-page reflection comparing their simulation performance to the course outcomes and identifies two specific clinical skills to target during upcoming clinical hours.	Full simulation lab setup (imaging table, wheelchair, stretcher, vital-signs equipment, pre-procedure forms, contrast screening checklist, procedure log, simulated contrast tray), comprehensive rubric, peer-feedback forms, reflection prompt sheet	Comprehensive rubric scored by instructor across all patient care domains covered in the course; pass requires 80% overall with no critical safety errors (any critical safety error results in automatic remediation and re-simulation before clinical placement).

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Patient Care Knowledge Examination	Written exam	25%	Minimum score of 80% (72 of 90 questions correct)	A 90-question multiple-choice examination modeled on ARRT exam-item format, covering all patient care content areas: patient assessment, infection control, contrast media, adverse reactions, medical emergencies, medication awareness, ethics, legal responsibilities, documentation, and special-population considerations. Items are mapped to ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) content specifications in the Patient Care domain. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Clinical Skills Demonstration: Patient Care Competency Checkoff	Skills demonstration	45%	Pass requires 90% overall on the skills checklist with zero critical safety errors; any critical error triggers immediate remediation	Instructor observes each student perform a structured patient care skills sequence including vital-signs measurement, hand hygiene with PPE don/doff, patient transfer, sterile-field setup, and contrast-reaction initial response using a standardized skills checklist. Each step is scored present or absent, with critical safety steps identified separately. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Procedure and Documentation Lab Log	Log	15%	Pass requires all 12 lesson-associated log entries submitted, each scoring 80% or higher on the accuracy rubric	Students maintain a running lab log throughout the course documenting their performance at each hands-on lesson: entry includes the procedure performed, the equipment used, key findings or measurements, reflection on errors, and a corrective action note. Entries are reviewed by the instructor at the midpoint and end of the course for accuracy, completeness, and professional documentation standards. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Emergency Response and Infection Control Safety Check	Safety audit	15%	Pass requires 100% completion of all critical safety actions; partial completion of any critical action is a fail requiring immediate remediation before clinical placement	A proctored, unannounced simulation in which the instructor presents one contrast-reaction scenario and one CPR/AED scenario sequentially; students must perform all critical response actions (call for help, correct patient positioning, CPR with correct rate and depth, AED deployment) without prompting. This safety check serves as the clinical-readiness gate for progression to supervised clinical hours. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-06 Trade course

Radiographic Equipment Quality Control

313 hr · ~~$5,860~~ COMPLIMENTARY

Students learn to perform, document, and interpret the quality control tests required to keep diagnostic X-ray equipment operating within accepted performance standards. Emphasis is placed on hands-on use of QC test tools, interpretation of results against established acceptance limits, and the technologist's legal and ethical responsibility to report equipment failures before exposing patients. Content maps directly to the Equipment Operation and Quality Assurance domain tested on both the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examinations.

Outcomes

Perform standard QC tests on radiographic equipment—including kVp accuracy, mA linearity, timer accuracy, collimation alignment, and focal-spot size—and record results on accepted documentation forms.
Interpret QC test data against published acceptance criteria and correctly classify equipment as pass, monitor, or fail requiring removal from service.
Explain the principles of automatic exposure control (AEC) and perform basic AEC reproducibility and density-step tests.
Describe the roles of the radiographer, medical physicist, and facility radiation safety officer in a quality assurance program, consistent with state and federal regulatory expectations.
Maintain a complete, organized QC logbook that meets the documentation standards expected by accrediting and regulatory bodies.
Demonstrate safe radiation practices—including use of dosimeters and distance—during all equipment testing procedures.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control: Purpose, Roles, and Regulatory Framework; Radiation Measurement Instruments Used in QC; X-ray Tube and Generator Fundamentals Relevant to QC; kVp Accuracy and Reproducibility Testing; mA Linearity and Timer Accuracy Testing; Focal-Spot Size and Beam Restriction Testing; Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) Testing; Screen-Cassette Contact, Darkroom, and Processor QC (Film-Based and Hybrid Systems); Digital Detector QC: Flat-Field, Artifact, and Dose-Indicator Testing; Monitor and Viewing Conditions QC; QC Documentation, Trending, and Reporting; Integrated QC Simulation: Full-Facility Survey and Equipment Disposition.

What competent looks like. Perform standard QC tests on radiographic equipment—including kVp accuracy, mA linearity, timer accuracy, collimation alignment, and focal-spot size—and record results on accepted documentation forms. Interpret QC test data against published acceptance criteria and correctly classify equipment as pass, monitor, or fail requiring removal from service. Explain the principles of automatic exposure control (AEC) and perform basic AEC reproducibility and density-step tests. Describe the roles of the radiographer, medical physicist, and facility radiation safety officer in a quality assurance program, consistent with state and federal regulatory expectations. Maintain a complete, organized QC logbook that meets the documentation standards expected by accrediting and regulatory bodies. Demonstrate safe radiation practices—including use of dosimeters and distance—during all equipment testing procedures.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control: Purpose, Roles, and Regulatory Framework	20	theory	Students will distinguish quality assurance (QA) from quality control (QC), identify the roles of the radiographer, medical physicist, and radiation safety officer, and describe the regulatory basis for equipment QC programs.	Read excerpts from the ACR–AAPM Technical Standard for Diagnostic Medical Physics Performance Monitoring and identify who is responsible for each category of test; discuss as a group. Create a two-column comparison chart listing QA activities (policy, training, patient outcome tracking) versus QC activities (equipment tests, measurements, acceptance limits) with a real example for each row. Role-play scenario: a technologist notices a recurring image artifact; students trace the correct chain of reporting from technologist to RSO to physicist, writing each step in a flowchart.	ACR–AAPM Technical Standard excerpts, state radiation control program regulations (general reference), whiteboard, printed scenario cards	Exit quiz of 10 multiple-choice questions covering definitions, regulatory roles, and reporting chains; pass = 80% or higher.
2	Radiation Measurement Instruments Used in QC	24	demo	Students will correctly identify, set up, and operate ionization chambers, dosimeters, and digital kVp meters used in routine QC testing.	Instructor demonstrates setup and zeroing of an ionization chamber and electrometer; students then each set up the instrument independently and record baseline readings. Lab station rotation: students handle a pencil ionization chamber, a digital kVp/mAs meter, and a solid-state dosimeter, recording the purpose, operating range, and calibration interval for each on a reference card. Calibration-check exercise: students compare readings from two different ionization chambers exposed to the same repeatable technique and calculate the percent difference; discuss whether the difference falls within acceptable limits.	Ionization chamber and electrometer (calibrated), digital kVp/mAs test meter, solid-state dosimeter, training X-ray unit, student reference cards, calculator	Instructor checklist observation of correct instrument setup and zeroing; all steps performed without prompting = pass.
3	X-ray Tube and Generator Fundamentals Relevant to QC	22	theory	Students will explain how tube current (mA), tube voltage (kVp), and exposure time interact to affect output, and identify the generator components most commonly evaluated during QC.	Annotate a labeled diagram of a three-phase or high-frequency generator circuit, marking the components tested during kVp, mA, and timer QC tests and writing a one-sentence description of each. Work through a set of technique calculation problems that reinforce how changing one exposure factor while holding output constant reveals linearity or reproducibility errors. Group discussion using sample QC printouts from a service manual (redacted of facility data): identify which measured parameter corresponds to which generator component and predict the image consequence of each deviation.	Generator circuit diagrams, technique calculation worksheet, sample service-manual QC printouts, textbook (Bushong or Carlton/Adler recommended edition)	Written short-answer quiz of 8 questions on generator components and exposure factor relationships; pass = 75% or higher.
4	kVp Accuracy and Reproducibility Testing	28	lab	Students will perform kVp accuracy and reproducibility tests using a non-invasive digital kVp meter and correctly evaluate results against accepted tolerance limits.	Perform a five-point kVp accuracy test (e.g., 60, 70, 80, 100, 120 kVp) using a digital kVp test meter positioned at specified SID; record measured versus selected values and calculate percent error for each point. Perform a reproducibility test by making five consecutive exposures at one selected kVp setting without touching controls; calculate the coefficient of variation and compare to the accepted tolerance. Enter all data into a pre-formatted QC log template; write a one-paragraph pass/fail conclusion with a recommendation for the facility radiation safety officer.	Training radiographic unit, calibrated digital kVp/mAs test meter, QC log template, calculator, personal dosimeter	QC log reviewed by instructor: correct data entry, accurate calculations, and a pass/fail conclusion consistent with accepted tolerance limits = pass.
5	mA Linearity and Timer Accuracy Testing	28	lab	Students will perform mA linearity and exposure timer accuracy tests, calculate the linearity coefficient, and identify station combinations that fall outside accepted limits.	Set up ionization chamber at a fixed SID; expose at multiple mA stations while holding mAs constant; record exposure readings and calculate the linearity coefficient using the standard formula (difference of highest and lowest exposure divided by sum). Perform timer accuracy tests using a spinning-top or digital timer test tool at multiple time stations; measure the number of dots or pulses produced and calculate measured versus selected time. Pair with a classmate to peer-review each other's logged data and calculations before submitting; document any discrepancy corrections on the log with initials.	Training radiographic unit, ionization chamber and electrometer, spinning-top or digital timer test tool, QC log template, calculator, personal dosimeter	Correctly calculated linearity coefficient and timer percent error for each station with appropriate pass/fail notation; instructor verifies calculations = pass.
6	Focal-Spot Size and Beam Restriction Testing	26	lab	Students will evaluate focal-spot size using a pinhole camera or star pattern test tool and verify collimator light-field and radiation-field alignment using a beam-alignment test tool.	Expose a star-pattern or pinhole test tool on a film-screen cassette or digital detector at specified technique; measure the resulting image and compare focal-spot size to the tube manufacturer's specification. Perform a light-field/radiation-field congruence test using a beam-alignment test device and radiopaque markers; measure the maximum misalignment in centimeters and compare to the accepted tolerance at the specified SID. Perform a field-size accuracy test by comparing the projected light field to the actual irradiated area on the image; document results on the QC log and note any corrective action required.	Training radiographic unit, star-pattern or pinhole camera test tool, beam-alignment/congruence test tool, digital detector or cassette, QC log template, ruler, personal dosimeter	Completed QC log with measurements, tolerance comparison, and accurate pass/fail conclusion verified by instructor = pass.
7	Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) Testing	26	lab	Students will perform AEC reproducibility and density-step tests, interpret results using accepted tolerance criteria, and explain the clinical significance of AEC malfunction.	Using a uniform attenuator (acrylic phantom), expose each AEC detector cell individually for a set number of repetitions; record mAs readout for each exposure and calculate coefficient of variation to assess reproducibility. Perform a density-step test by exposing the same phantom at each available density step setting; measure optical density (or pixel value) on resulting images and verify that each step produces a consistent, predictable change. Class discussion: review two case scenarios where AEC malfunction led to either a repeat exposure or an overexposed image; identify the QC test that would have caught the problem and the corrective reporting path.	Training radiographic unit with AEC, acrylic step-wedge or uniform attenuator phantom, digital detector or film processor, densitometer or image-analysis software, QC log template, personal dosimeter	QC log showing correct calculation of coefficient of variation and density-step increments with accurate pass/fail notation; instructor sign-off = pass.
8	Screen-Cassette Contact, Darkroom, and Processor QC (Film-Based and Hybrid Systems)	22	lab	Students will perform screen-cassette contact tests and sensitometric/densitometric processor QC for facilities that still operate film-based or computed radiography (CR) systems.	Place a wire-mesh test tool on a cassette, expose, and view the resulting image under low-light conditions to identify areas of poor screen-cassette contact; document location and size of any contact failure. Run a sensitometric strip through the processor; read optical densities on the control strip using a densitometer; plot speed index, contrast index, and base-plus-fog on a control chart and evaluate against established operating limits. Inspect the darkroom for safelight fog: perform a safelight test using a pre-exposed film strip and document results; check light seals around the door and pass-box.	Wire-mesh test tool, film cassettes, sensitometer, densitometer, film processor (or CR reader), pre-made control chart, darkroom safelight test materials	Correctly plotted control chart with accurate identification of any points outside operating limits and a written conclusion; instructor verification = pass.
9	Digital Detector QC: Flat-Field, Artifact, and Dose-Indicator Testing	30	lab	Students will perform flat-field uniformity, artifact evaluation, and exposure indicator (EI) calibration checks on digital radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR) systems.	Expose a flat-field image on the DR panel without a phantom; display the image on a diagnostic monitor and use software tools to map pixel value uniformity; identify any non-uniformity regions or dead pixels and record findings. Perform an artifact survey by exposing a uniform phantom and reviewing the image systematically in quadrants for grid lines, dust, ghosting, or processing artifacts; document each artifact type, location, and likely cause. Perform an EI calibration check: expose a standard PMMA phantom at a defined technique, record the EI or deviation index (DI) displayed by the system, and compare to the facility's established target range; discuss significance for dose management and ARRT exam topics.	DR flat-panel detector or CR system, diagnostic-quality monitor, uniform PMMA phantom, grid, image-processing software, QC log template, personal dosimeter	Completed artifact survey log and EI comparison documented correctly with appropriate pass/fail notation; instructor sign-off = pass.
10	Monitor and Viewing Conditions QC	20	demo	Students will evaluate diagnostic display monitors using a standard test pattern and assess viewing room ambient lighting against recommended conditions.	Display the SMPTE or TG18-QC test pattern on a diagnostic monitor; systematically evaluate luminance response, contrast, resolution, geometry, and artifact patches as described in the test pattern instructions; record findings on a QC form. Measure ambient room illuminance using a light meter at the monitor face; compare the reading to the recommended range for primary diagnostic displays and document. Complete a monitor QC log entry and write a one-paragraph summary indicating whether the monitor and viewing conditions meet recommended standards, citing the specific test pattern patches that support the conclusion.	Diagnostic display monitor, SMPTE or AAPM TG18-QC test pattern (software), light meter, monitor QC log form, AAPM TG18 reference summary handout	Completed monitor QC log with accurate observation notes and a supported pass/fail conclusion reviewed by instructor = pass.
11	QC Documentation, Trending, and Reporting	27	practice	Students will compile a complete equipment QC logbook, construct control charts for selected parameters, and prepare a written summary report suitable for submission to a radiation safety officer.	Assemble all QC logs completed in previous lessons into a tabbed logbook; verify that each log has the date, technologist initials, equipment ID, measured values, tolerance comparison, and pass/fail status. Enter four weeks of simulated kVp and processor (or EI) data into a control chart template; identify any trends, shifts, or out-of-control points using basic statistical decision rules; annotate the chart with corrective actions. Write a one-to-two page QC summary report in professional memo format addressed to a radiation safety officer, summarizing findings, any equipment placed out of service, corrective actions taken, and follow-up schedule.	All prior QC log templates, control chart template (graph paper or spreadsheet software), simulated four-week data set, word-processing software, sample RSO memo format	Logbook and memo reviewed against a rubric: completeness, accuracy of control chart, correct identification of out-of-control points, and professional writing; pass = 80% rubric score or higher.
12	Integrated QC Simulation: Full-Facility Survey and Equipment Disposition	40	field	Students will independently conduct a simulated full-facility QC survey across multiple equipment types, make evidence-based pass/fail/remove-from-service decisions, and present findings in a structured oral debrief.	Working in teams of two, rotate through five QC stations (kVp/timer, AEC, collimation/focal-spot, DR detector, monitor) and complete all tests and logs within a timed window mimicking a real-facility workday schedule. At the end of the survey, each team reviews all data and drafts a disposition list: equipment passed, equipment flagged for follow-up, and equipment recommended for removal from service, with the specific test result that justifies each decision. Each student presents their team's disposition decisions in a 10-minute oral debrief to the instructor acting as RSO; the instructor poses at least two challenge questions about borderline results or corrective-action steps.	Training radiographic unit, full QC test tool kit, DR detector, diagnostic monitor, all QC log templates, personal dosimeters, oral debrief rubric	All QC logs complete and accurate; disposition decisions consistent with accepted tolerance limits; oral debrief demonstrates ability to justify each decision under questioning; pass = 80% on oral debrief rubric.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Equipment QC Knowledge Examination	Written exam	25%	75% or higher (minimum 75 of 100 items correct)	A 100-item multiple-choice examination covering QC theory, regulatory roles, measurement instruments, acceptance limits, generator components, AEC principles, digital detector metrics, and monitor QC. Items are written at the ARRT examination level and mapped to the Equipment Operation and Quality Assurance content area of both the ARRT Limited Scope and ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examination specifications. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Practical QC Skills Demonstration	Skills demonstration	45%	All critical steps completed correctly without instructor prompting; overall checklist score 80% or higher	The student independently performs a complete QC test sequence—kVp accuracy, mA linearity, collimation alignment, and a DR flat-field check—on the training unit within a defined time window. An instructor evaluates performance against a step-by-step checklist that mirrors the tasks expected of a radiographer in a supervised clinical QC program. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
QC Logbook Portfolio	Log	15%	80% or higher on the portfolio rubric across all four categories	The student submits the complete logbook assembled across all laboratory lessons, including kVp, timer, mA linearity, AEC, focal-spot, collimation, digital detector, and monitor QC logs, plus the control chart and RSO memo from Lesson 11. The rubric evaluates completeness, accuracy of recorded values, correct tolerance comparisons, trending analysis, and professional documentation format. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation Safety and Scope-of-Practice Safety Check	Safety audit	15%	Zero critical safety violations; 100% on all critical items; overall 90% or higher	During the Lesson 12 integrated simulation, the instructor completes a safety observation checklist verifying that the student wore a personal dosimeter at all times, maintained appropriate distance during exposures, never energized the tube without clearing the room, correctly flagged failed equipment before allowing simulated patient use, and worked within the radiographer's documented scope of practice throughout. Any single critical safety violation results in an automatic remediation hold. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-07 Trade course

Clinicals: Limited-Scope Radiography Supervised Practice (9-Month Rotation)

313 hr · ~~$5,860~~ COMPLIMENTARY

Students perform supervised radiographic procedures on real patients in accredited clinical affiliate sites under the direct oversight of a licensed radiologic technologist or radiologist, applying knowledge from radiation physics, anatomy, positioning, image evaluation, patient care, and equipment QC. The rotation covers the procedure categories tested on the ARRT Limited Scope of Practice Examination, including chest, extremities, and spine imaging specific to the student's chosen pathway. Emphasis is placed on professional conduct, radiation protection, patient communication, and producing diagnostic-quality images consistent with entry-level competency standards.

Outcomes

Perform limited-scope radiographic procedures in the student's credentialed pathway (e.g., chest, extremities, spine) with proper positioning, technique selection, and radiation protection, meeting clinical affiliate quality standards.
Apply ALARA principles and demonstrate safe radiation practices for the patient, self, and others on every clinical shift as verified by supervisor observation.
Communicate professionally and compassionately with patients of diverse ages and backgrounds during exam preparation, positioning, and post-procedure instruction.
Evaluate the diagnostic quality of self-produced images using standard image evaluation criteria and recommend repeat or supplemental views when appropriate.
Complete required clinical competency checkoffs for all ARRT Limited Scope Examination pathway procedures, documented in a clinical logbook that meets program minimums.
Demonstrate compliance with institutional policies, HIPAA, standard precautions, and scope-of-practice boundaries throughout all clinical rotations.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: Clinical Site Orientation and Professional Expectations; Radiation Safety and Dosimetry in the Clinical Environment; Patient Assessment and Pre-Procedure Communication; Chest Radiography: PA and Lateral Projections; Upper Extremity Radiography: Hand, Wrist, Elbow, and Shoulder; Lower Extremity Radiography: Foot, Ankle, Knee, and Hip; Spinal Radiography: Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine; Image Evaluation and Repeat Analysis in Clinical Practice; Patient Care Skills in the Clinical Imaging Department; Digital Imaging Workflow, PACS, and Image Processing; Professionalism, Scope of Practice, and Ethical Practice; Clinical Logbook Review, Final Competency Sign-Off, and Self-Assessment.

What competent looks like. Perform limited-scope radiographic procedures in the student's credentialed pathway (e.g., chest, extremities, spine) with proper positioning, technique selection, and radiation protection, meeting clinical affiliate quality standards. Apply ALARA principles and demonstrate safe radiation practices for the patient, self, and others on every clinical shift as verified by supervisor observation. Communicate professionally and compassionately with patients of diverse ages and backgrounds during exam preparation, positioning, and post-procedure instruction. Evaluate the diagnostic quality of self-produced images using standard image evaluation criteria and recommend repeat or supplemental views when appropriate. Complete required clinical competency checkoffs for all ARRT Limited Scope Examination pathway procedures, documented in a clinical logbook that meets program minimums. Demonstrate compliance with institutional policies, HIPAA, standard precautions, and scope-of-practice boundaries throughout all clinical rotations.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Clinical Site Orientation and Professional Expectations	20	field	The student will identify site-specific policies, chain of command, HIPAA requirements, dress code, and documentation systems, and correctly complete required orientation paperwork before performing any patient procedures.	Complete the clinical affiliate's mandatory facility orientation, including reviewing the policy and procedure manual and signing confidentiality agreements. Shadow a licensed technologist for a full shift, documenting 10 observations about workflow, patient communication, and radiation safety practices in a structured reflection journal. Locate emergency equipment (crash cart, oxygen, fire extinguisher, radiation safety supplies) in the imaging department and demonstrate the steps for reporting an adverse event to the clinical supervisor.	Facility policy and procedure manual, HIPAA acknowledgment forms, clinical logbook, personal dosimeter, lead apron and thyroid shield, clinical handbook from program	Supervisor signs orientation checklist confirming student can locate all emergency equipment, state all HIPAA rules correctly, and explain scope-of-practice limits; 100% completion of required paperwork before independent patient contact.
2	Radiation Safety and Dosimetry in the Clinical Environment	24	field	The student will consistently apply ALARA principles—including proper shielding, distance, collimation, and technique selection—on every supervised patient exam, with no dosimetry badge readings exceeding established action levels.	Review personal dosimeter readings with the clinical supervisor each rotation week, logging cumulative exposure in the clinical logbook and discussing any readings above the facility's investigation level. Observe and then perform gonadal and lead shielding placement on a minimum of 10 patients, documenting each case in the logbook with the type of shield used and clinical rationale. Participate in a department radiation safety walk-through with the medical physicist or radiation safety officer (if available), identifying posted area survey results, controlled and uncontrolled zone boundaries, and personal protective equipment storage.	Thermoluminescent or OSL personal dosimeter, lead aprons (0.5 mm Pb equivalent), thyroid shields, gonadal shields, facility radiation safety policies, NCRP reports (institutional copies), clinical logbook	Clinical supervisor rates student on a 5-point radiation safety observation rubric each week; student must score 4 or above on all five criteria (shielding, collimation, distance, technique, documentation) by lesson end.
3	Patient Assessment and Pre-Procedure Communication	24	field	The student will correctly screen patients for contraindications (pregnancy, implants, allergies), explain the procedure in plain language, obtain appropriate consent acknowledgment, and document findings before every exam.	Using the facility's standard screening questionnaire, interview a minimum of 15 patients prior to examinations, practicing pregnancy screening questions and documenting responses accurately in the clinical logbook. Role-play difficult patient scenarios (uncooperative patient, language barrier, patient with dementia) with the supervising technologist, then debrief on communication strategies used. Review 10 requisitions for completeness and clinical indication appropriateness, flagging any that require technologist-to-radiologist clarification before proceeding, and discuss findings with supervisor.	Patient screening questionnaire, exam requisitions, clinical logbook, interpreter services contact list (facility resource), facility electronic health record training access	Supervisor observes and scores 5 consecutive patient pre-screenings using a structured competency checklist; student must correctly complete all required screening steps with no omissions on all 5 observations to advance.
4	Chest Radiography: PA and Lateral Projections	30	field	The student will independently produce diagnostic-quality PA and lateral chest radiographs demonstrating correct positioning, technique, collimation, and image quality as evaluated against ARRT pathway standards.	Perform a minimum of 20 PA and lateral chest exams under direct supervision, recording positioning landmarks, SID, kVp, mAs, and image quality assessment results for each case in the logbook. Review at least 10 chest images with the supervising technologist, identifying technical errors (rotation, exposure, cut-off anatomy) and documenting corrective actions taken. Practice portable (AP) chest technique on available portable equipment under supervision, comparing image quality variables between portable and fixed-unit exams in a written comparison.	Fixed radiographic unit and digital image receptor, portable radiographic unit, chest positioning aids (Tam-em board or equivalent), image evaluation rubric (ARRT criteria), clinical logbook, Bontrager's Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques	Student completes formal chest competency checkoff: produces one PA and one lateral chest image independently; supervising technologist evaluates each image using the program's 10-point image evaluation form; score of 8/10 or above required to pass; repeated until passed.
5	Upper Extremity Radiography: Hand, Wrist, Elbow, and Shoulder	30	field	The student will produce diagnostic-quality radiographs of upper extremity structures in all required projections, correctly positioning patients including those with trauma limitations, within the ARRT Limited Scope extremity pathway.	Perform a minimum of 15 upper extremity exams covering at least three anatomical regions (hand/wrist, elbow, and shoulder), documenting each case with positioning notes and image quality comments. Practice trauma modification techniques for wrist and elbow on a cooperative peer in the department hallway or practice area under technologist supervision before applying to patients. Evaluate 10 upper extremity images with the supervising technologist, correctly identifying at least 8 anatomical landmarks per case and noting any positioning or exposure errors.	Radiographic table and digital receptor, positioning sponges and sandbags, lead markers (R and L), Bontrager's Handbook, image evaluation rubric, clinical logbook	Formal competency checkoff for one region (hand/wrist OR elbow OR shoulder) as designated by the program coordinator; 8/10 or above on image evaluation rubric required; if failed, student repeats with additional supervised exams.
6	Lower Extremity Radiography: Foot, Ankle, Knee, and Hip	30	field	The student will produce diagnostic-quality radiographs of lower extremity structures in all required projections for the ARRT Limited Scope extremity pathway, applying correct patient positioning and technical factor selection.	Perform a minimum of 15 lower extremity exams across at least three anatomical regions, with emphasis on weight-bearing techniques where clinically indicated, and document each exam in the logbook. Review AP pelvis and hip images with the supervising technologist, identifying internal and external rotation landmarks and their clinical significance for diagnosing hip pathology. Practice cross-table lateral hip positioning on a positioning phantom or mannequin under supervision before applying to patients, noting radiation protection measures for the patient and staff.	Radiographic table and digital receptor, positioning sponges, grid cassettes for hip/pelvis, lead markers, positioning mannequin or phantom (if available), Bontrager's Handbook, image evaluation rubric, clinical logbook	Formal competency checkoff for one lower extremity region; 8/10 or above on image evaluation rubric; supervisor documents in the competency log.
7	Spinal Radiography: Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine	30	field	The student will produce diagnostic-quality radiographs of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine in required projections, applying appropriate breathing techniques, oblique positioning, and trauma precautions as required by the ARRT Limited Scope spine pathway.	Perform a minimum of 15 spine exams across cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions, documenting each with positioning notes, technique factors, and image quality assessment in the logbook. Practice the swimmer's lateral technique for the cervicothoracic junction on a positioning mannequin and discuss with supervisor when this projection is clinically indicated before applying to patients. Review 10 lumbar spine images with the supervisor, correctly identifying L1–L5 vertebral levels, disc spaces, and sacroiliac joints, documenting findings in the logbook.	Upright wall Bucky and table Bucky with digital receptors, grid, positioning sponges, spinal positioning aids, lead markers, Bontrager's Handbook, image evaluation rubric, clinical logbook	Formal competency checkoff for one spinal region; 8/10 or above on image evaluation rubric; all three spinal regions must have at least attempted entries in the logbook before end of rotation.
8	Image Evaluation and Repeat Analysis in Clinical Practice	25	field	The student will evaluate self-produced radiographic images against standard diagnostic criteria and articulate specific reasons for repeat exposures, applying the facility's repeat/reject analysis process to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure.	Participate in the department's monthly repeat/reject analysis process (if available) or conduct a self-audit of 30 personal images over the rotation, categorizing errors by type (positioning, exposure, patient motion, artifacts) and calculating a personal repeat rate. Present findings from the image audit in a 10-minute verbal discussion with the clinical supervisor, proposing at least three specific technique or workflow improvements to reduce repeats. Document image quality assessment notes for every self-produced image in the clinical logbook using the program's standardized image evaluation rubric for the remainder of the rotation.	PACS workstation access (or printed images), program image evaluation rubric, repeat/reject analysis worksheet, clinical logbook, facility repeat analysis policy	Supervisor reviews the image audit report for accuracy and completeness; student must correctly categorize error types on at least 27 of 30 audited images (90%) and propose at least 3 evidence-based improvements; supervisor signs off.
9	Patient Care Skills in the Clinical Imaging Department	24	field	The student will demonstrate safe patient transfer, positioning assistance, standard precautions, and emergency response awareness on every clinical shift as observed by the supervising technologist.	Perform or assist with a minimum of 10 patient transfers (wheelchair to table, stretcher to table, or ambulation assist), documenting each in the logbook with patient condition notes and precautions used. Observe and then independently set up sterile or clean fields for procedures requiring contrast (if within scope at the site), and document aseptic technique steps used. Participate in at least one emergency response drill or real event observation at the clinical site, documenting the sequence of events and technologist's role in the logbook within 24 hours.	Gait belt, wheelchair, stretcher (facility equipment), standard precautions PPE (gloves, gown, mask), clinical logbook, facility emergency response protocol	Supervisor completes a patient care skills observation checklist during a live patient transfer; student must correctly perform all required safety steps (lock chair/stretcher, use gait belt, maintain patient communication) with no critical errors to pass.
10	Digital Imaging Workflow, PACS, and Image Processing	20	field	The student will correctly complete the full digital imaging workflow—from patient registration and exam order entry through image acquisition, post-processing, quality check, and transmission to PACS—without errors on a minimum of 20 consecutive exams.	Complete guided practice entering patient demographics, exam orders, and study identifiers into the radiology information system (RIS) or EHR under supervisor oversight for 20 consecutive exams, comparing entries to the original requisition. Apply appropriate window width and window level adjustments, and use annotation tools (markers, measurement tools) on 10 images in PACS or the image acquisition workstation, comparing output with the supervising technologist's assessment. Review the facility's policy on image retransmission and study correction procedures; simulate a correction workflow (wrong patient, wrong study) with the supervisor using a test environment if available.	RIS/EHR workstation (training or live access under supervision), PACS workstation, digital radiographic acquisition console, facility imaging workflow policy, clinical logbook	Supervisor reviews 20 consecutive patient entries and image routing records; zero patient identification errors and zero wrong-routing events required for pass; any critical error requires remediation and re-check.
11	Professionalism, Scope of Practice, and Ethical Practice	20	field	The student will identify scope-of-practice boundaries for a limited-scope radiographer in their state, apply ethical decision-making in documented clinical scenarios, and maintain professional conduct ratings of satisfactory or above on all supervisor evaluations.	Review the state's limited-scope radiography statute or regulation with the clinical supervisor and identify at least five procedures that fall outside the student's permitted scope, documenting rationale for each. Write a one-page reflection on a real or observed ethical dilemma encountered during the rotation (e.g., patient refusal, informed consent issue, scope-of-practice question), citing the ARRT Standards of Ethics. Participate in a mid-rotation performance review with the clinical supervisor using the program's professional conduct evaluation form and develop a written action plan for any area rated below satisfactory.	State limited-scope radiography statute or administrative code (printed or electronic), ARRT Standards of Ethics (arrt.org), program professional conduct evaluation form, clinical logbook	Student scores 'satisfactory' or above on all categories of the professional conduct evaluation form at mid-rotation and final review; reflection paper is reviewed by the program clinical coordinator for accuracy of scope-of-practice identification.
12	Clinical Logbook Review, Final Competency Sign-Off, and Self-Assessment	36	field	The student will compile and present a complete, accurate clinical logbook meeting program minimum case requirements for all Limited Scope pathway procedures, pass all outstanding competency checkoffs, and complete a structured self-assessment of clinical readiness.	Audit the clinical logbook with the program clinical coordinator to verify that all required minimum case numbers and competency checkoffs for the ARRT Limited Scope pathway are complete and correctly documented; remediate any gaps with additional supervised exams. Complete any outstanding formal competency checkoffs (repeat until each passes with 8/10 or above) for procedures not yet signed off during the rotation. Write a 2-page structured self-assessment addressing strengths, areas for continued development, and a plan for maintaining competency after program completion, referencing specific cases from the logbook.	Completed clinical logbook, program competency checkoff forms, image evaluation rubric, ARRT Limited Scope Examination content specifications (arrt.org), self-assessment template	Program clinical coordinator verifies 100% of required competency checkoffs are signed, all minimum case numbers are met, and the self-assessment addresses all required sections with specific evidence; incomplete logbook = clinical rotation not passed.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Clinical Knowledge Examination: Limited-Scope Procedures and Safety	Written exam	25%	75% or above (score of 75/100 or higher)	A 100-item written examination covering radiation safety and ALARA in the clinical setting, positioning landmarks and projections for all Limited Scope pathway procedures, image evaluation criteria, patient care, and scope-of-practice rules, mapped directly to the ARRT Limited Scope of Practice Examination content specifications. Students who score below 75% must complete targeted remediation and retake an alternate form within two weeks. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Clinical Competency Skills Demonstration	Skills demonstration	45%	8/10 or above on each required procedure checkoff; all pathway procedures must be passed	The supervising technologist or program clinical coordinator evaluates the student performing each required Limited Scope pathway radiographic procedure (chest, upper extremity, lower extremity, and spine projections as applicable) on real patients using the program's standardized 10-point image evaluation and positioning rubric. Every required procedure must be passed individually before the course is considered complete. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Clinical Logbook (Lab Log)	Log	15%	100% of required minimum case numbers documented; all competency checkoff signatures present; zero falsified or missing entries	The student submits the completed clinical logbook documenting every patient exam, dosimetry review, competency checkoff, and supervisor observation conducted during the rotation, using the program's standardized forms. The program clinical coordinator audits the logbook for completeness, accuracy, and consistency with supervising technologist records; any falsified entry results in automatic failure and is referred to the program director. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation Safety Observation Check	Safety audit	15%	Score of 4/5 or above on all five safety criteria on three separate unannounced supervisor observations; zero critical safety violations across the entire rotation	On three unannounced occasions during the rotation, the supervising technologist completes the program's radiation safety observation rubric while watching the student perform a routine exam, rating shielding use, collimation, SID, technique selection, and protective equipment compliance. A single critical safety error (e.g., failing to shield a fertile-age female patient without documented clinical reason, failing to wear a dosimeter, exposing without a request) triggers immediate remediation and may result in removal from the clinical site pending program director review. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-08 Trade course

AAS Radiologic Technology Bridge: Advanced Practice and Professional Integration

313 hr · ~~$5,860~~ COMPLIMENTARY

This course bridges the limited-scope clinical foundation to full ARRT Radiography (RT-R) eligibility by expanding anatomical coverage, imaging systems knowledge, pathology recognition, and professional responsibilities required for the associate-degree pathway. Students integrate prior coursework with advanced positioning, fluoroscopy awareness, special imaging modalities, and radiologic technology law and ethics. Completion prepares students to enter the full clinical practicum and to sit the ARRT Radiography (RT-R) certification examination.

Outcomes

Perform and critique radiographic positioning for all major body regions including chest, spine, extremities, abdomen, and skull to ARRT Radiography content specifications.
Identify and explain radiographic appearances of common pathological conditions and select appropriate technical factor modifications for each.
Describe the operating principles of fluoroscopy, computed radiography, digital radiography, and basic cross-sectional imaging in clinical context.
Apply federal and state radiation protection regulations, patient rights law, and ARRT Standards of Ethics to realistic workplace scenarios.
Demonstrate proficiency with image acquisition, post-processing, and PACS/RIS documentation workflows using department-standard equipment.
Produce a complete patient care episode from requisition review through image critique and documentation, meeting entry-level technologist standards.

Course text

How the course runs. 12 blocks: ARRT Radiography Exam Blueprint and AAS Program Pathway Overview; Advanced Radiographic Positioning: Chest, Abdomen, and Digestive Tract; Advanced Radiographic Positioning: Upper and Lower Extremities and Girdles; Advanced Radiographic Positioning: Spine, Skull, and Facial Bones; Digital Imaging Systems, PACS, and Image Post-Processing; Fluoroscopy, CT Awareness, and Cross-Sectional Anatomy Introduction; Radiographic Pathology: Recognition and Technical Adaptation; Radiation Biology, Dose Optimization, and ALARA in Advanced Practice; Law, Ethics, and Professional Standards for Radiologic Technologists; Patient Assessment, Contrast Media, and Venipuncture Fundamentals; Integrated Radiographic Imaging Practicum: Full Patient Episode Simulation; ARRT Radiography Exam Simulation, Score Analysis, and Targeted Remediation.

What competent looks like. Perform and critique radiographic positioning for all major body regions including chest, spine, extremities, abdomen, and skull to ARRT Radiography content specifications. Identify and explain radiographic appearances of common pathological conditions and select appropriate technical factor modifications for each. Describe the operating principles of fluoroscopy, computed radiography, digital radiography, and basic cross-sectional imaging in clinical context. Apply federal and state radiation protection regulations, patient rights law, and ARRT Standards of Ethics to realistic workplace scenarios. Demonstrate proficiency with image acquisition, post-processing, and PACS/RIS documentation workflows using department-standard equipment. Produce a complete patient care episode from requisition review through image critique and documentation, meeting entry-level technologist standards.

Lessons · 12 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	ARRT Radiography Exam Blueprint and AAS Program Pathway Overview	19.5	theory	Students map each ARRT Radiography (RT-R) content category to courses already completed and to lessons ahead, identifying personal knowledge gaps.	Obtain the current ARRT Radiography Examination Content Specifications document and highlight every category, then annotate each with the prior course where it was introduced. Complete a 50-question diagnostic practice exam drawn from ARRT-style questions covering all content areas and score it by category to build a personal gap analysis chart. Draft a written study plan that assigns each identified weak area to a specific lesson in this course or to a self-study block, with realistic weekly hour targets.	ARRT Radiography Examination Content Specifications (current edition, free download at arrt.org), diagnostic practice exam bank, gap-analysis worksheet, student planner	Completed annotated content map and written study plan reviewed by instructor; student must correctly categorize at least 80% of ARRT content areas to the correct course or lesson — pass 80%.
2	Advanced Radiographic Positioning: Chest, Abdomen, and Digestive Tract	27	lab	Students produce diagnostic-quality phantom images of the chest and abdomen in all standard and supplementary projections, applying correct IR size, SID, centering, and exposure indicators.	Using an anthropomorphic phantom or positioning mannequin, produce PA, lateral, AP lordotic, and lateral decubitus chest images and evaluate each against a 10-point positioning checklist covering anatomy visualization, collimation, exposure indicator, and motion. Perform AP, oblique, and lateral abdomen projections for acute abdominal series protocol; measure exposure indicator values and compare against the department reference range, documenting any repeat and its cause. Role-play a contrast-study workflow for an upper GI series — reviewing the requisition, confirming contrast allergy history, explaining the procedure to a simulated patient, and critiquing a set of 10 provided fluoroscopic spot images for positioning accuracy and diagnostic adequacy.	Radiographic positioning unit with phantom, digital radiography detector or CR cassettes, positioning sponges and aids, Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy (current edition), departmental technique chart, exposure indicator reference values	Each projection scored on 10-point positioning checklist; student achieves 8/10 or higher on every required projection and documents all repeats with cause-and-correction — pass 80%.
3	Advanced Radiographic Positioning: Upper and Lower Extremities and Girdles	25	lab	Students perform all ARRT-required upper and lower extremity and girdle projections on a partner or phantom, demonstrating correct anatomy inclusion, joint alignment, and exposure parameters.	Complete a timed positioning practical in which students produce five assigned extremity images — randomly selected from hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder, foot, ankle, knee, and hip — within a 30-minute window using the lab radiographic unit. Critique a set of 20 clinical images provided by the instructor, identifying positioning errors, technical factor problems, and anatomy demonstrated, and writing a one-sentence corrective action for each suboptimal image. Practice patient positioning for a non-weight-bearing trauma patient using a positioning mannequin, adapting standard projections for limited mobility while maintaining radiation protection and image quality standards.	Radiographic unit with extremity phantom and positioning mannequin, lead markers, positioning sponges, image critique worksheet, Bontrager's positioning text, technique chart	Timed practical: all five images must score 8/10 or higher on positioning checklist; image critique worksheet must correctly identify the primary error and corrective action on at least 16 of 20 images — pass 80%.
4	Advanced Radiographic Positioning: Spine, Skull, and Facial Bones	25	lab	Students produce correctly positioned and collimated spine and skull images on a phantom, explaining the anatomical landmarks and centering points used for each projection.	Perform a complete cervical spine series (AP, odontoid, obliques, lateral) and thoracic and lumbar spine series on a positioning phantom, verbalizing each centering point and landmark aloud as each image is taken. Use provided skull radiographs to complete an identification exercise labeling 20 anatomical structures on PA Caldwell, lateral, and Waters projections, then compare answers against an atlas and self-score. Discuss the clinical relevance of gonadal and thyroid shielding during spine and skull imaging: calculate field size for a lumbar spine AP and demonstrate proper collimation and shield placement on the phantom.	Radiographic unit, skull and spine phantom, anatomy labeling worksheet, Frank, Long & Smith's Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures (current edition), gonadal shields, collimation guide	Practical: each spine series and skull projection scored on 10-point checklist at 8/10 or higher; anatomy labeling exercise scored at 80% or higher — pass 80%.
5	Digital Imaging Systems, PACS, and Image Post-Processing	23.5	demo	Students explain how computed radiography (CR), digital radiography (DR), and flat-panel detector systems acquire and process images, and perform basic post-processing and PACS workflow tasks on the lab workstation.	Complete a structured comparison exercise: for CR and DR systems, identify the detector type, image receptor, readout process, exposure indicator system, and primary advantage or limitation, presented as a completed two-column table submitted for grading. At the PACS workstation, practice the full workflow for five simulated cases — patient registration, exam order entry, image acquisition flag, windowing and leveling optimization, annotation, and electronic send to radiologist queue — following department protocol. Analyze a set of 10 digital images for artifacts (grid lines, erasure artifacts, quantum noise, detector damage) and for over- or under-exposure as evidenced by exposure indicator values outside the reference range, documenting findings on a structured artifact log.	CR reader and phosphor plates, DR flat-panel unit, PACS/RIS simulation software or live department workstation, exposure indicator reference chart, artifact log worksheet, Bushong's Radiologic Science for Technologists (current edition)	Comparison table graded for accuracy (80% correct); PACS workflow simulation must be completed error-free for at least 4 of 5 cases; artifact log must correctly identify artifact type and probable cause for 8 of 10 images — pass 80%.
6	Fluoroscopy, CT Awareness, and Cross-Sectional Anatomy Introduction	21.5	theory	Students describe the components and radiation safety considerations of a fluoroscopic unit and identify major anatomical structures on representative CT cross-sections at the level expected of a radiographer assistant.	Observe (or view a recorded demonstration of) a fluoroscopic suite setup and identify the image intensifier or flat-panel fluoroscopic detector, automatic brightness control, dose-area product meter, scatter radiation zones, and protective equipment requirements, then complete a labeled diagram from memory. Review a set of 15 axial CT images of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis provided by the instructor and label at least five major structures per image using a supplied anatomical reference, preparing a brief written description of one clinically significant finding visible in the series. Calculate approximate fluoroscopic entrance exposure rates using the inverse square law and elapsed-time data provided in three case scenarios, then identify which scenario exceeds the threshold that would trigger a dose reduction strategy, citing the relevant radiation protection principle.	Fluoroscopy unit or recorded demonstration video, labeled fluoroscopy diagram worksheet, CT image sets (de-identified), cross-sectional anatomy atlas or app, inverse square law calculator, NCRP report summaries on fluoroscopic dose	Labeled fluoroscopy diagram scored at 80% accuracy; CT anatomy labeling at 80% accuracy; all three dose calculations must be correct with appropriate dose-reduction strategy identified — pass 80%.
7	Radiographic Pathology: Recognition and Technical Adaptation	25	theory	Students identify radiographic appearances of common additive and destructive pathologies across body systems and select appropriate exposure factor modifications for each condition.	Study a 60-image radiographic pathology bank organized by body region; for each image write the likely pathological condition, classify it as additive or destructive, and state whether kVp or mAs adjustment is indicated and by approximately how much, using a structured response form. Participate in a small-group case study in which each group receives a simulated clinical scenario — including patient history, symptoms, and a preliminary image — and must recommend a complete imaging protocol adjustment and explain the rationale to the class. Create a one-page quick-reference card listing at least 15 pathological conditions, their radiographic appearance, additive/destructive classification, and corresponding technical factor adjustment strategy, suitable for clinical use.	Radiographic pathology image bank (de-identified), structured response forms, Eisenberg & Johnson's Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology (current edition) or equivalent, quick-reference card template	Image bank response form scored at 80% accuracy across pathology identification, classification, and factor adjustment; quick-reference card reviewed by instructor for accuracy with 15 correct entries minimum — pass 80%.
8	Radiation Biology, Dose Optimization, and ALARA in Advanced Practice	21.5	theory	Students explain stochastic and deterministic radiation effects, apply ALARA principles to multi-view imaging protocols, and calculate effective dose estimates for common radiographic examinations.	Complete a written case analysis comparing radiation risks for a pediatric chest X-ray versus a lumbar spine series, citing the relevant dose estimates and biological sensitivity factors, and proposing at least three ALARA strategies specific to each examination. Using published effective dose reference data, rank a provided list of eight common radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations from lowest to highest effective dose and identify which fall above a stated reference level, explaining the clinical and regulatory implications. Participate in a structured debate: one group argues for and one against routinely using gonadal shielding on all patients of reproductive age, using current evidence and NCRP guidance to support each position, then the class collaborates on a consensus policy statement.	NCRP report summaries (current relevant reports), published effective dose reference tables, case analysis worksheet, Bushong's Radiologic Science for Technologists, debate rubric	Written case analysis graded using a rubric requiring correct identification of effect types, dose factors, and at least three valid ALARA strategies per exam (80% rubric score); effective dose ranking exercise must be fully correct — pass 80%.
9	Law, Ethics, and Professional Standards for Radiologic Technologists	19.5	theory	Students apply ARRT Standards of Ethics, relevant federal and state radiologic technology statutes, HIPAA privacy requirements, and informed consent principles to realistic workplace scenarios.	Analyze five written workplace vignettes involving ethics or legal issues — including scope-of-practice questions, patient refusal, image release, and contrast administration — and for each write a structured response identifying the applicable standard, the correct technologist action, and the potential consequence of the incorrect action. Review the ARRT Standards of Ethics and the ASRT Practice Standards for Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy; for each of the 10 most commonly cited ethical principles, write one original scenario illustrating a violation and one illustrating compliance. Participate in a class simulation of a HIPAA breach incident: students receive a scenario, identify the nature of the breach, draft a patient notification letter using a provided template, and outline the steps a department would take to report and remediate the incident.	ARRT Standards of Ethics (current, free at arrt.org), ASRT Practice Standards (current, free at asrt.org), HIPAA Privacy Rule summary (HHS.gov), vignette case packet, notification letter template	Vignette analysis graded on rubric: correct standard identification, correct action, and consequence for each case; 80% rubric score required; HIPAA simulation breach response reviewed by instructor for all four required elements (identification, notification, reporting, remediation) — pass 80%.
10	Patient Assessment, Contrast Media, and Venipuncture Fundamentals	23.5	demo	Students perform a focused pre-procedure patient assessment, identify contraindications to iodinated and barium contrast media, and demonstrate the steps of venipuncture technique on a training arm model.	Using a standardized patient-assessment checklist, conduct a simulated pre-contrast patient interview covering allergies, renal function history, medications, and hydration status, and make a documented recommendation for or against contrast administration based on findings. Demonstrate proper preparation of a contrast administration site on a venipuncture training arm: select the appropriate catheter gauge, apply tourniquet, identify the vein, perform aseptic prep, insert the catheter using correct angle and technique, secure, and document — evaluated by instructor using a step-by-step competency checklist. Review a provided set of contrast reaction case descriptions and classify each as mild, moderate, or severe; for each, state the immediate technologist response and identify when the radiologist or emergency team must be called, using the current ACR contrast manual as reference.	Venipuncture training arm, IV catheters and supplies (training grade), tourniquet, gloves, alcohol prep pads, ACR Manual on Contrast Media (current edition, free at acr.org), patient assessment checklist, contrast reaction classification chart	Venipuncture competency checklist: all critical steps performed correctly with no sterility breaks (pass/fail on sterility; 90% of non-critical steps correct); contrast reaction classification scored at 80% with all severe reactions correctly identified and escalation action correct — pass 90% on sterility, 80% overall.
11	Integrated Radiographic Imaging Practicum: Full Patient Episode Simulation	50.5	practice	Students execute a complete radiographic patient episode — from order review through image submission — without instructor prompting, meeting entry-level competency standards across positioning, technique, radiation protection, image critique, and documentation.	In rotating pairs, complete eight full simulated patient encounters using instructor-assigned examination types drawn from ARRT content categories; each student performs the technologist role four times and the patient/observer role four times, using the lab unit and PACS simulation to produce, process, and document images. After each encounter, conduct a structured self-critique comparing produced images against positioning checklist criteria and exposure indicator targets, documenting every deviation and the corrective action taken, then receive peer and instructor feedback using the same checklist. Complete a timed integrated practical examination in which each student independently performs two randomly assigned examinations (one thoracic/abdominal and one musculoskeletal) from patient greeting through image submission, with no coaching, evaluated by the instructor on a comprehensive competency rubric.	Radiographic lab unit with DR or CR system, PACS simulation workstation, positioning phantom and mannequin, lead markers, protective aprons and collars, comprehensive competency rubric, self-critique log, technique chart	Timed integrated practical: each of the two examinations must score 80% or higher on the comprehensive competency rubric covering patient care, positioning, technique, radiation protection, image quality, and documentation; any critical safety error (unshielded gonads in reproductive-age patient, wrong patient identity, failure to remove metallic objects) results in automatic repeat — pass 80% with no critical safety failures.
12	ARRT Radiography Exam Simulation, Score Analysis, and Targeted Remediation	31.5	practice	Students achieve a passing score on two full-length ARRT-format mock examinations and produce a remediation plan addressing any content area scoring below the passing threshold.	Complete Mock Exam 1 under timed, proctored conditions replicating ARRT testing rules (no notes, specified break protocol, one question at a time); immediately after, receive a category-by-category score report and identify every content area below 75%. Engage in a structured 2-session small-group remediation workshop: each group is assigned the most commonly missed content area from the mock exam results and prepares a 10-minute peer teaching segment with supporting visuals; all groups teach their segment to the class. Complete Mock Exam 2 under the same proctored conditions and compare category scores to Mock Exam 1 results; submit a written reflective analysis documenting improvement, remaining gaps, and a specific 4-week study plan for the period between course completion and the actual ARRT examination.	ARRT-format practice examination software or printed exam bank (current content specifications), timer, score report template, remediation workshop rubric, reflective analysis worksheet, ARRT Radiography Content Specifications	Mock Exam 2 overall score of 75% or higher required to pass this lesson; written reflective analysis must address all content areas below 75% with a specific remediation strategy for each — pass 75% on Mock Exam 2.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Advanced Radiographic Knowledge Examination	Written exam	25%	75% correct on all sections; any section score below 70% triggers mandatory instructor-led remediation before the clinical practicum begins	A 100-question multiple-choice examination covering digital imaging principles, radiographic pathology, radiation biology, fluoroscopy and CT awareness, contrast media, law and ethics, and all ARRT Radiography content categories addressed in this course. Questions are written at the ARRT examination cognitive level and mapped to specific content specification categories so that score reports identify gaps by area. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Integrated Patient Episode Skills Demonstration	Skills demonstration	45%	80% or higher on the comprehensive competency rubric across both assigned examinations; any critical safety error results in automatic failure of that examination and one remediation attempt before final clinical practicum placement	Students independently perform two randomly assigned full radiographic examinations on a phantom or mannequin — one thoracic or abdominal and one musculoskeletal — from patient greeting and order review through image processing, critique, and PACS documentation, evaluated by the instructor in real time using a standardized competency rubric. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Lab and Practicum Activity Log	Log	15%	All 12 lesson activity logs submitted and complete; minimum 80% accuracy on self-critiques as verified against instructor checklist scores; no more than one late submission accepted	A cumulative portfolio of structured lab logs completed during every hands-on lesson, including positioning checklists, image critique forms, artifact logs, venipuncture competency checklists, patient assessment records, and mock exam score-analysis worksheets, demonstrating progressive competency development across the course. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation
Radiation Safety and Patient Protection Compliance Check	Safety audit	15%	Pass/fail — all critical safety behaviors must be demonstrated correctly with zero tolerance for repeated lapses; any single critical failure (e.g., wrong patient identity confirmed, failure to apply gonadic shielding when indicated, failure to clear personnel from room before exposure) requires immediate remediation and re-check before the student advances	An unannounced or scheduled direct observation checklist completed by the instructor during the integrated practicum simulation, verifying that the student consistently applies correct patient identification, collimation, shielding, ALARA practice, personal dosimetry use, and standard precautions during every simulated patient encounter throughout the course. Standard met · Safety · Time · Quality/finish · Documentation

HLT-RADI64-09 Capstone

Capstone Project: Integrated Radiologic Practice

432 hr · ~~$4,320~~ COMPLIMENTARY

Students synthesize all prior coursework by designing, executing, and defending an original radiologic technology project that addresses a real clinical problem in patient care, image quality, radiation safety, or department quality control. The capstone requires students to collect primary data or evidence, produce professional documentation, and present findings to a faculty panel, mirroring the standard of practice expected of a credentialed limited-scope or full radiologic technologist. Successful completion demonstrates readiness to enter clinical employment and sit the ARRT Limited Scope or ARRT Radiography (RT-R) credentialing examinations.

Outcomes

Select and define a resolvable clinical or technical problem within the limited-scope or full radiologic technologist scope of practice, stating a clear purpose, rationale, and measurable goal.
Design and execute a structured investigation or improvement project using appropriate data collection methods, radiation safety principles, and ethical standards for patient and staff protection.
Analyze collected data or evidence, identify patterns relevant to image quality, patient care, equipment performance, or radiation dose, and draw evidence-based conclusions.
Produce a complete professional project report including an abstract, methods section, results, discussion, and properly cited references conforming to a recognized citation format.
Deliver a structured oral defense of the project to a faculty review panel, responding to technical and clinical questions with accuracy and professional composure.
Connect project findings explicitly to ARRT content areas including radiation protection, image production, patient care, and equipment operation, demonstrating readiness for credentialing examinations.

Course text

How the course runs. 4 blocks: Project Design and Proposal Development; Data Collection, Evidence Synthesis, and Documentation; Final Report Production and Defense Preparation; Formal Oral Defense and Capstone Evaluation.

What competent looks like. Select and define a resolvable clinical or technical problem within the limited-scope or full radiologic technologist scope of practice, stating a clear purpose, rationale, and measurable goal. Design and execute a structured investigation or improvement project using appropriate data collection methods, radiation safety principles, and ethical standards for patient and staff protection. Analyze collected data or evidence, identify patterns relevant to image quality, patient care, equipment performance, or radiation dose, and draw evidence-based conclusions. Produce a complete professional project report including an abstract, methods section, results, discussion, and properly cited references conforming to a recognized citation format. Deliver a structured oral defense of the project to a faculty review panel, responding to technical and clinical questions with accuracy and professional composure. Connect project findings explicitly to ARRT content areas including radiation protection, image production, patient care, and equipment operation, demonstrating readiness for credentialing examinations.

Lessons · 4 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Project Design and Proposal Development	108	theory	The student selects a clinically grounded topic, writes a formal project proposal with a defined problem statement, rationale, scope-of-practice justification, safety plan, and data-collection methodology, and receives faculty approval before proceeding.	Students brainstorm potential project topics in structured small-group sessions using a provided list of real departmental challenges—such as repeat-rate reduction, patient positioning accuracy improvement, or QC trend analysis—then individually draft a one-page topic justification linking the problem to ARRT content areas (radiation protection, image production, patient care, or equipment quality control). Each student completes a formal Project Proposal Template that includes a PICO-style problem statement (Population, Issue, Comparison, Outcome), an ethical and radiation safety checklist confirming the project involves no unapproved patient exposure, a draft timeline with milestones, and a reference list of at least five current radiologic science sources; the instructor reviews and returns proposals with written feedback within one week. Students revise their proposals based on faculty feedback, present a five-minute verbal pitch to the class explaining their methodology and safety rationale, and incorporate peer suggestions before submitting the final approved proposal as the gate that allows them to advance to data collection.	Project Proposal Template (program-developed), Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures, Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists (current edition), ARRT content specifications for Limited Scope and Radiography (RT-R), OSHA ionizing radiation standards reference sheet, APA or AMA citation guide, word-processing software, learning management system (LMS) submission portal	Faculty scores the submitted proposal using a 20-point rubric covering clarity of problem statement (5 pts), appropriateness to scope of practice (5 pts), soundness of methodology and safety plan (5 pts), and completeness of references (5 pts); a minimum score of 14/20 (70%) and written faculty approval are required to advance to Lesson 2.
2	Data Collection, Evidence Synthesis, and Documentation	162	lab	The student executes the approved project plan by systematically collecting primary or secondary data, recording all findings in a structured log, applying appropriate analysis, and producing a complete draft written report with all required sections.	Students carry out their approved data collection according to their methodology—examples include performing repeated positioning exercises on a phantom and scoring image quality using a standardized evaluation rubric, auditing a set of de-identified clinical images for positioning errors using a department reject-analysis form, or compiling and graphing QC measurement records from Lesson-6 equipment logs—recording every data point in a structured Project Data Log that captures date, method, raw result, and any deviations from the plan. At the midpoint of the data-collection phase, each student submits a Progress Report (minimum two pages) summarizing data gathered so far, any unexpected findings or methodology adjustments, and a preliminary interpretation; the instructor provides written feedback within five business days, and students who are significantly off track meet individually with their faculty advisor to revise their approach. Students analyze their complete dataset using descriptive methods appropriate to the data type (frequency counts, percentage calculations, mean and range for quantitative data; thematic grouping for qualitative observations) and write the full project report draft including an abstract (150–250 words), introduction with literature context, methods, results presented with at least one table or figure, discussion linking results to clinical practice and ARRT content areas, conclusion, and reference list of at least eight sources; the draft is submitted through the LMS for instructor markup.	Project Data Log form (program-developed), de-identified image sets or radiographic phantoms as applicable to project type, reject-analysis audit forms, QC measurement records from Course 6, spreadsheet software (e.g., Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets) for data tables and graphs, Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists, Carlton and Adler Principles of Radiographic Imaging (current edition), ARRT Standards of Ethics, APA or AMA citation guide, LMS submission portal	The instructor evaluates the written report draft using a 50-point analytic rubric: abstract clarity (5 pts), adequacy of methods description (10 pts), accuracy and completeness of results with supporting table or figure (10 pts), depth and clinical relevance of discussion (15 pts), and reference quality and citation format (10 pts); students must score at least 35/50 (70%) on the draft to receive detailed revision guidance and proceed to finalization; students below 35/50 meet with the instructor and resubmit within two weeks.
3	Final Report Production and Defense Preparation	108	practice	The student produces a polished final written report incorporating instructor feedback, constructs a professional slide presentation of ten to fifteen slides, and rehearses responses to anticipated panel questions on radiation safety, image quality, patient care, and equipment principles.	Students apply all instructor markup to revise and finalize their report; they then create a ten-to-fifteen slide presentation covering background, clinical significance, methods, key results shown with their own tables or figures, conclusions, and at least two specific connections to ARRT exam content areas, following a program-provided slide standards guide that specifies font size minimums, prohibition of paragraphs on slides, and required citation of images or data. Each student participates in a structured peer-review session in which two classmates evaluate their slide deck using the same 20-point presentation rubric the faculty panel will use, providing written comments on content accuracy, slide clarity, and logical flow; students then revise their decks based on peer feedback and write a one-paragraph reflection describing changes made and the rationale. Students conduct two timed full rehearsals: the first is a solo run recorded on video via a webcam or phone so the student can self-evaluate posture, pacing, and technical vocabulary; the second is a mock defense before a peer audience where classmates pose at least three technical questions drawn from a faculty-supplied question bank covering radiation protection principles, positioning rationale, image quality factors, and patient safety procedures, and the presenter must answer without notes.	Program slide standards guide, Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides, peer-review presentation rubric (program-developed), faculty question bank (radiation protection, image production, patient care, equipment QC), video recording device (webcam or smartphone), Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists, ARRT content specifications, LMS for final submission of slide deck and revised report	The instructor reviews the final submitted slide deck and revised report together; the report must score at least 42/50 (84%) on the same rubric used in Lesson 2 to advance to the defense; the slide deck is scored 14/20 (70%) or higher on the presentation rubric; both must meet the pass mark for the student to be scheduled for the formal oral defense in Lesson 4.
4	Formal Oral Defense and Capstone Evaluation	54	field	The student delivers a ten-to-fifteen minute formal presentation of the completed capstone project before a faculty panel and responds accurately and professionally to technical and clinical questions, demonstrating integrated mastery of radiologic technology principles at the level expected of a credentialing candidate.	Each student presents the finalized slide deck to a panel of at least two faculty members (or one faculty member and one credentialed clinical preceptor) within a scheduled defense session; the presenter must stay within the twelve-to-fifteen minute window, cover all required sections, and maintain professional demeanor—business casual attire is required—while the panel completes a standardized 40-point scoring rubric in real time. Following the formal presentation, panel members conduct a ten-minute question-and-answer session using questions drawn from or similar to the faculty question bank; questions address at minimum one topic from each of these ARRT content domains: radiation protection and safety, image production and evaluation, patient care and education, and radiographic equipment or quality control; the student's responses are scored for technical accuracy, completeness, and appropriate acknowledgment of scope of practice. Immediately after the defense, the panel delivers structured verbal feedback to the student covering specific strengths, one or two areas for continued professional development, and explicit comments on how the project demonstrates readiness for the ARRT Limited Scope or ARRT Radiography (RT-R) examination; the student then completes a written self-assessment comparing their pre-project skill level to their current competence, which is retained in the student's program portfolio.	Faculty panel scoring rubric (40 points, program-developed), ARRT content specifications for Limited Scope and Radiography (RT-R), presentation room with projector or large display, student's finalized slide deck on USB drive or shared drive, written self-assessment form, program portfolio file	The faculty panel scores the defense on the 40-point rubric: presentation structure and time management (8 pts), technical accuracy of content (12 pts), quality and clarity of data presentation (8 pts), and question-and-answer performance (12 pts); a minimum panel score of 28/40 (70%) is required to pass the capstone; any student scoring below 28/40 is given a written remediation plan and permitted one re-defense within 30 calendar days; failure of the re-defense requires the student to repeat the capstone course.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Capstone Project Report	Project	60%	Final written report scores at least 42 out of 50 (84%) on the analytic rubric; all required sections must be present and no major factual error in radiation safety or patient care may appear without correction.	The student submits a complete professional research or quality-improvement report—including abstract, introduction, methods, results with original tables or figures, discussion, conclusion, and a minimum of eight cited sources—that documents the full arc of the capstone project from problem identification through evidence-based conclusions. The report is evaluated for scientific accuracy, clinical relevance, connection to ARRT content areas, and professional writing quality using an instructor-scored 50-point analytic rubric. Meets specification · Within estimate · Workmanship · Safety · Documentation
Capstone Portfolio	Portfolio	20%	Portfolio is complete (all required artifacts present), and the reflective summary earns a pass on the program's portfolio rubric (minimum 70%); any missing artifact must be submitted within five business days or the portfolio is scored as incomplete.	The student assembles a program portfolio that compiles key artifacts from all nine completed courses, including the approved project proposal, the project data log, the Progress Report with instructor feedback, the final slide deck, peer-review comments received and given, the written self-assessment completed after the defense, and a two-to-three page integrative reflective summary explaining how the capstone experience connects to each ARRT credential content area and to the student's professional readiness. The portfolio demonstrates cumulative growth and is evaluated by the program director. Completeness · Organization · Evidence quality
Oral Defense	Oral / panel	20%	Faculty panel combined score of at least 28 out of 40 (70%) with no critical patient safety error left uncorrected during the question-and-answer session; a critical safety error (e.g., describing an unsafe radiation exposure practice as acceptable) requires the student to pass a targeted safety remediation before the capstone grade is released regardless of overall score.	The student delivers a twelve-to-fifteen minute formal oral presentation of the capstone project to a faculty panel, followed by a ten-minute question-and-answer session addressing radiation protection, image production, patient care, and equipment quality control domains aligned with ARRT examination content specifications. The panel scores the defense using a 40-point rubric assessing presentation structure, technical accuracy, data clarity, and response quality, with verbal feedback provided immediately afterward. Explains decisions · Answers technical questions · Professional communication

HLT-RADI64-10 Externship / clinical

Clinical Practicum: Supervised Radiographic Practice

648 hr · ~~$2,590~~ COMPLIMENTARY

Students complete 648 hours of supervised clinical experience at approved diagnostic imaging sites, applying radiographic positioning, radiation protection, patient care, and image evaluation skills under the direct oversight of a registered radiologic technologist or radiologist. The practicum bridges classroom and credentialed practice by immersing students in real patient workflows, equipment operation, and department protocols. Performance is formally evaluated by site supervisors using structured competency checklists aligned to ARRT content specifications.

Outcomes

Perform a minimum set of required radiographic projections on actual patients to ARRT competency standards, demonstrating correct positioning, collimation, and exposure selection on each attempt.
Apply radiation protection principles — including beam restriction, shielding, and distance — correctly on every patient encounter throughout the practicum.
Execute complete patient care protocols, including identification, consent communication, infection control, and emergency response, without prompting from the supervising technologist.
Evaluate finished radiographic images for diagnostic quality, identify repeat-worthy errors, and document the clinical decision to accept or repeat within facility guidelines.
Complete all required department workflow tasks — requisition review, equipment QC logs, PACS image management, and billing charge capture — accurately by the end of the practicum.
Receive a passing summative evaluation from the clinical site supervisor confirming readiness for entry-level independent practice as a limited-scope or general radiologic technologist.

Course text

How the course runs. 4 blocks: Clinical Orientation and Supervised Observation; Competency-Based Radiographic Positioning — Core Projections; Integrated Department Workflow — Patient Care, QC, and Image Management; Advanced Clinical Practice and Summative Competency Review.

What competent looks like. Perform a minimum set of required radiographic projections on actual patients to ARRT competency standards, demonstrating correct positioning, collimation, and exposure selection on each attempt. Apply radiation protection principles — including beam restriction, shielding, and distance — correctly on every patient encounter throughout the practicum. Execute complete patient care protocols, including identification, consent communication, infection control, and emergency response, without prompting from the supervising technologist. Evaluate finished radiographic images for diagnostic quality, identify repeat-worthy errors, and document the clinical decision to accept or repeat within facility guidelines. Complete all required department workflow tasks — requisition review, equipment QC logs, PACS image management, and billing charge capture — accurately by the end of the practicum. Receive a passing summative evaluation from the clinical site supervisor confirming readiness for entry-level independent practice as a limited-scope or general radiologic technologist.

Lessons · 4 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Clinical Orientation and Supervised Observation	80	field	The student correctly identifies department layout, equipment, safety zones, and workflow by shadowing credentialed technologists and completing all site orientation requirements before independent patient contact.	Complete the facility's required orientation checklist covering HIPAA, emergency codes, radiation safety zones, hand hygiene stations, and PACS login procedures, returning a signed acknowledgment to the program coordinator. Shadow the supervising technologist through at least three full patient encounters per shift — observing requisition review, patient identification, positioning, exposure selection, and image evaluation — and record structured notes on each encounter in the clinical log. Identify every radiographic unit, detector system, and ancillary device in the department on a labeled floor-plan diagram and verify correct settings for a standard chest PA projection under direct supervision before touching controls independently.	Facility orientation packet, HIPAA acknowledgment forms, PACS workstation, radiographic units (DR or CR), clinical log notebook, program-issued positioning reference card (Bontrager & Lampignano, Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy), personal dosimeter	Supervisor signs off orientation checklist with no outstanding items; student scores 100% on a 20-item department safety and workflow quiz administered by the site supervisor; pass = all items complete and quiz score ≥ 80%
2	Competency-Based Radiographic Positioning — Core Projections	300	practice	The student independently performs the full set of required radiographic projections — including chest, spine, extremities, and abdomen — meeting ARRT competency criteria for positioning accuracy, exposure technique, radiation protection, and image quality on live patients.	Perform each required ARRT competency projection at least once under direct supervision and once under indirect supervision, completing the program's standardized competency check-off form for every projection; the supervising technologist scores positioning landmarks, collimation, SID, exposure indicator, and image acceptability on a 5-point rubric. After each completed image, conduct a structured verbal image critique with the supervising technologist — identifying anatomic structures demonstrated, acceptable versus unacceptable image quality criteria, and the reason any repeat would be clinically justified — and record findings in the clinical log. Track personal repeat-rate data weekly by logging every repeat image with the reason code (positioning, exposure, motion, artifact, or patient) on a tally sheet; review trends with the supervising technologist monthly and document one corrective action per identified pattern.	Radiographic units (DR/CR), positioning sponges, sandbags, lead aprons, gonadal shields, thyroid shields, tape measure, clinical competency check-off forms, clinical log, personal dosimeter, Bontrager & Lampignano positioning reference	Student completes 100% of program-required competency projections with a rubric score of ≥ 4 out of 5 on each; personal repeat rate documented and discussed; any projection scoring below 4 must be repeated until passing — supervisor signature required on each passed competency form
3	Integrated Department Workflow — Patient Care, QC, and Image Management	200	practice	The student accurately executes full end-to-end radiographic workflow — from requisition review and patient assessment through image processing, PACS archiving, and equipment QC documentation — meeting department standards on every encounter.	For every assigned patient encounter, complete the full intake sequence independently: verify order, confirm two patient identifiers, assess contraindications (pregnancy status, allergies, fall risk, mobility limitations), explain the procedure in plain language, obtain verbal consent, and document the interaction in the clinical log; the supervising technologist observes and rates patient communication on the standard evaluation form. Perform and document daily equipment QC tasks assigned by the supervising technologist — including flat-field uniformity check, phantom or test-tool image review, and detector calibration verification — recording results on the department QC log and flagging any out-of-tolerance finding to the radiologist or physicist in writing. Process and archive a minimum of 10 complete image series in PACS per week, verifying patient demographics, body part labels, and laterality markers before finalizing; correct any demographic error using the department's established correction protocol and document the correction in the log.	PACS workstation, RIS/order entry system, QC test tools (penetrometer, step wedge, or manufacturer-supplied phantom as available), department QC logs, clinical log, facility patient care policy manual, personal dosimeter	Zero unresolved patient identification errors over the practicum period; QC log entries reviewed and countersigned by supervising technologist weekly; PACS archiving accuracy verified by supervisor spot-check — pass = no uncorrected demographic errors at month-end review
4	Advanced Clinical Practice and Summative Competency Review	68	field	The student demonstrates consistent entry-level independence across all clinical duties and completes a final summative evaluation confirming readiness for credentialed practice.	During the final four weeks, operate under indirect supervision for all routine projections and direct supervision only for non-routine or fluoroscopy-assist procedures; the supervising technologist documents level of supervision required for each shift on the daily evaluation form, targeting a trend toward full indirect supervision by the final week. Complete a structured exit portfolio compiling the signed competency check-off forms, dosimetry exposure summary, repeat-rate trend chart, QC log excerpts, and a one-page written reflection on two clinical challenges encountered and how each was resolved — submitted to the program coordinator and reviewed in a final three-way conference with the supervisor and instructor. Participate in a 30-minute summative oral review with the supervising technologist and program clinical coordinator, responding to scenario-based questions covering radiation protection, positioning errors, patient emergencies, and image quality — demonstrating reasoning consistent with ARRT content specifications for Limited Scope and Radiography (RT-R) examinations.	Daily evaluation forms, exit portfolio template, dosimetry summary report, clinical log (complete), ARRT content specifications for Limited Scope and Radiography (RT-R) exams, personal dosimeter	Summative site supervisor evaluation form score ≥ 75% overall with no individual domain scored below 'satisfactory'; exit portfolio complete with all required items; oral review passed as judged by both the supervisor and clinical coordinator — any domain below satisfactory requires a documented remediation plan and re-evaluation before the practicum is considered complete

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Clinical Site Supervisor Evaluation	Clinical evaluation	70%	Overall score of 75% or higher on the standardized summative evaluation form, with no individual competency domain rated below 'satisfactory'; all required ARRT competency projections signed off	The supervising credentialed technologist completes a structured summative evaluation form at the end of the practicum covering radiation protection practice, positioning accuracy, patient care, image evaluation, equipment QC, professionalism, and readiness for independent practice. This evaluation directly maps to ARRT content areas for both the Limited Scope and Radiography (RT-R) examinations and constitutes the primary evidence of clinical competency for program completion. Competency · Safety · Attendance · Conduct · Initiative
Clinical Practicum Log and Exit Portfolio	Log	30%	Log is complete for all 648 hours with supervisor countersignatures; exit portfolio contains all required documents; repeat-rate trend shows awareness and corrective action; written reflection addresses both required scenarios with evidence-based reasoning — reviewed and accepted by the program clinical coordinator	The student submits a cumulative clinical log documenting every patient encounter, procedure performed, supervision level, and QC task completed across the practicum, along with the assembled exit portfolio including competency forms, dosimetry summary, repeat-rate chart, and written reflection. The log and portfolio together provide the program's auditable record of supervised hours and skill attainment required for ARRT application eligibility and state licensure documentation. Complete · Verified

HLT-RADI64-11 Exam prep

Certification Exam Preparation: Limited Scope & ARRT Radiography

180 hr · ~~$1,800~~ COMPLIMENTARY

This course provides a structured, content-mapped review of every domain tested on the ARRT Limited Scope examination and the ARRT Radiography (RT(R)) certification examination, culminating in full-length timed mock examinations under simulated testing conditions. Students identify personal knowledge gaps, build test-taking stamina and strategy, and demonstrate examination readiness before sitting their credentialing exams. Successful completion also prepares students to satisfy state radiologic licensing application requirements.

Outcomes

Accurately answer practice items across all ARRT-published content specifications for the Limited Scope and Radiography examinations at or above a passing benchmark.
Demonstrate command of radiation physics, radiation protection principles, and image production concepts as tested on ARRT credentialing examinations.
Apply knowledge of patient care, procedures, and anatomy and positioning to examination-style clinical-scenario questions.
Analyze personal diagnostic data from practice sets to create and execute a targeted self-remediation study plan.
Complete a full-length, computer-based timed mock examination for each credential exam with a score at or above the program's readiness benchmark.
Correctly describe the ARRT application process, ethics requirements, continuing education obligations, and state licensing steps needed to enter legal practice.

Course text

How the course runs. 4 blocks: Content Mapping and Diagnostic Baseline; Domain Deep-Dive Review: Radiation Science, Protection, and Equipment; Domain Deep-Dive Review: Anatomy, Positioning, Procedures, and Patient Care; Full Mock Examinations and Credential Readiness Certification.

What competent looks like. Accurately answer practice items across all ARRT-published content specifications for the Limited Scope and Radiography examinations at or above a passing benchmark. Demonstrate command of radiation physics, radiation protection principles, and image production concepts as tested on ARRT credentialing examinations. Apply knowledge of patient care, procedures, and anatomy and positioning to examination-style clinical-scenario questions. Analyze personal diagnostic data from practice sets to create and execute a targeted self-remediation study plan. Complete a full-length, computer-based timed mock examination for each credential exam with a score at or above the program's readiness benchmark. Correctly describe the ARRT application process, ethics requirements, continuing education obligations, and state licensing steps needed to enter legal practice.

Lessons · 4 blocks

#	Lesson	Hr	Type	Objective	Activities	Materials	Check
1	Content Mapping and Diagnostic Baseline	30	theory	Students will locate and interpret the official ARRT content specifications for the Limited Scope and RT(R) examinations and use a diagnostic practice set to quantify their proficiency in each content category.	Students download and annotate the current ARRT Content Specifications documents for both examinations, color-coding each major category (radiation physics and protection, equipment operation, image production, procedures, patient care) and recording the approximate percentage weight of each category as published by ARRT. Students complete a 120-item unscored diagnostic practice set drawn proportionally from all content categories; results are entered into a provided spreadsheet that automatically calculates percentage correct by category and flags categories below 75%. Each student produces a written personal study plan listing their three weakest categories, specific subtopics within each, resources they will use (textbook chapters, ARRT references), and a weekly study schedule for the remainder of the course.	ARRT Content Specifications (Limited Scope and Radiography, current edition, downloaded from arrt.org); Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists or equivalent program textbook; Mosby's Radiography Online or equivalent item bank; diagnostic spreadsheet template; student notebook.	Instructor reviews each student's annotated content-spec document and personal study plan; plan must correctly identify category weights, list genuine weak categories supported by diagnostic data, and include a realistic weekly schedule. Pass mark: plan accepted as complete and accurate by instructor review; students scoring below 60% overall on the diagnostic are flagged for additional tutoring.
2	Domain Deep-Dive Review: Radiation Science, Protection, and Equipment	60	theory	Students will correctly answer practice questions on radiation physics, radiation protection (including ALARA, dose limits, and protective devices), equipment operation, and image production concepts at the level required by ARRT examination content specifications.	Instructor-led review sessions cycle through each sub-category: atomic structure and ionizing radiation, x-ray production, beam quality and quantity, scatter and grids, digital image acquisition and processing, exposure factor selection, and quality control—each session closes with 15–20 targeted practice items that students answer individually then discuss as a group, with the instructor explaining the reasoning behind correct and incorrect options. Students work in pairs on 'teach-back' rotations: one student explains a concept (for example, how kVp affects image contrast, or the inverse square law) while the partner uses a rubric to evaluate completeness and accuracy, then they switch roles; topics are drawn randomly from the content specifications. Students complete two 40-item timed section quizzes (one for radiation physics and protection, one for equipment and image production) under quiet, test-like conditions, then use their scored results to update their personal study plans before the next session.	Bushong Radiologic Science for Technologists; Carlton & Adler Principles of Radiographic Imaging or equivalent; ARRT practice item sets; radiation protection references (NCRP reports summary handouts prepared by instructor); printed or digital formula reference sheet (inverse square law, mAs relationships); item-bank access.	Two 40-item section quizzes; each scored immediately. Pass mark: 75% or higher on each quiz. Students below 75% on either quiz must complete a remediation assignment (additional targeted practice set with instructor review) before Lesson 3 begins.
3	Domain Deep-Dive Review: Anatomy, Positioning, Procedures, and Patient Care	60	practice	Students will correctly identify radiographic positioning terminology, anatomical landmarks, projection criteria, and patient care protocols as tested on ARRT examinations, including clinical-scenario questions requiring integration of multiple content areas.	Rotating station review: five stations are set up around the classroom, each covering a body region or system tested on the ARRT examinations (chest and thorax; extremities and spine; abdomen and digestive; skull and sinuses; pediatric and geriatric considerations and contrast procedures for the RT(R) track). Students spend approximately 20 minutes per station completing a pocket quiz, reviewing labeled radiograph images, and consulting a positioning reference; instructor circulates to answer questions and correct misconceptions in real time. Clinical-scenario case studies: instructor presents 10 written patient scenarios (for example, a patient who cannot stand for a PA chest, or a trauma patient requiring a cross-table lateral femur) and students individually write out the modified projection(s) they would select, the rationale, relevant patient care steps, and any radiation protection measures; responses are discussed as a class with peer and instructor feedback. Students complete a 50-item timed section quiz covering anatomy, positioning, procedures, and patient care, followed by a structured error-analysis activity in which each student categorizes every missed question by sub-topic and records it in their study plan.	Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy or equivalent; printed or digital labeled radiograph atlas; positioning quick-reference cards; ARRT content specifications; item-bank access; case-study packets prepared by instructor.	50-item section quiz scored immediately. Pass mark: 75% or higher. Completed error-analysis log reviewed by instructor. Students below 75% complete a directed remediation set of 30 positioning questions with mandatory instructor conference before the mock examination.
4	Full Mock Examinations and Credential Readiness Certification	30	practice	Students will complete at least two full-length, timed, computer-based mock examinations simulating the ARRT examination format and demonstrate examination readiness, then correctly describe the ARRT application, ethics review, and state licensing process.	Students sit Mock Exam 1 (full-length, proportionally weighted across all content categories, delivered via item bank in timed computer-based format) under strict testing conditions—no notes, no phones, time limit enforced; immediately after, instructor leads a whole-group debrief reviewing the five most commonly missed items across the cohort and explaining the correct reasoning. Students complete a personal remediation session (minimum two hours, self-directed but instructor available) targeting their lowest-scoring category from Mock Exam 1 using item-bank practice sets and textbook review, then sit Mock Exam 2 under the same strict conditions; students compare their two mock scores and document improvement or remaining gaps. Credential readiness workshop: students review the current ARRT online application steps, ethics declaration requirements, ARRT Rules of Ethics, continuing education obligations for maintaining registration, and their state's radiologic licensing application process including any state-specific requirements (clinical hour documentation, background check, fees); each student completes a readiness checklist confirming they can articulate every step needed to become legally licensed to practice in their state.	Full-length mock examination item bank (Mosby's, PrepU, or equivalent ARRT-aligned resource); computers with timer; ARRT Rules of Ethics (available at arrt.org); current ARRT candidate handbook; state radiologic licensing board website printout or handout prepared by instructor; readiness checklist form.	Mock Exam 1 and Mock Exam 2 scores recorded; program readiness benchmark is 75% or higher on at least one full-length mock exam. Completed credential readiness checklist reviewed by instructor for accuracy. Students who do not reach 75% on either mock exam receive an individualized remediation plan and instructor conference; the course grade reflects the higher of the two mock scores.

Assessments

Assessment	Type	Weight	Pass standard	Method & rubric
Comprehensive Mock Certification Examination	Mock certification exam	100%	75% or higher on at least one of two full-length mock examinations, proportionally weighted across all ARRT content specification categories; additionally, the student must submit a complete and accurate credential readiness checklist documenting the ARRT application and state licensing steps.	Students sit two full-length, computer-based, timed mock examinations constructed to mirror the domain weighting and item style of the ARRT Limited Scope and Radiography certification examinations; each exam is administered under proctored, test-center conditions with no reference materials permitted. The higher of the two scores is used as the summative assessment grade, and students who do not reach the 75% benchmark on either attempt are required to complete a documented remediation plan before the program certifies their examination readiness. Score · Time management

Program completion

External credential: ARRT Limited Scope (state); ARRT Radiography (RT-R); State Radiologic License

Students prepare to sit the ARRT Limited Scope of Practice in Radiography examination and/or the ARRT Radiography (RT-R) certification examination, both administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT); students also apply for the required state radiologic license through their state licensing authority. Pass standard: Credential issued by the body.

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